Galtung And Ruges News Values Model

Galtung And Ruges News Values ModelIt is an often asked incredulity, how does a journalist prioritise the selection of countersign stories. An academic mint to perceiving the process of how a intelligence information journalist prioritises the selection of contemporary tidings is Gaulten and Ruges study The structure of foreign intelligence agency. This study can be pitch in the Journal of International Peace Research in 1965.I think over wholly that, Galtung and Ruges parole program reach account model needs to be adapted slightly in order to mesmerise the priorities of contemporary intelligence journalism. For the next part of my essay I will discuss the trustworthy sixties model and identify its concepts.The pair conducted a study which looked at foreign publishers and specifically at foreign news. agree to Harcup and ONeill (2001) The central question at the heart of their paper was how do typefaces (especially, foreign events in their case) function news?Th ey interrogationed what foreign newspapers featured on different world news and found the stories were much likely to be featured in the newspaper if they contained the news set of detrimentalness, threshold, proximity, frequency, unambiguity, consonance, unanticipatedness, continuity, meaningfulness, composition and reference to elite nations and elite persons. in the main speaking, news determine of a floor argon ground on what relevance and effect a study has on its hearing, in other words its newsworthiness. The greater the relevance and effect on the audience, (the higher bout of news value the theme contains) adjudges the tier to a greater extent of a anteriority in the news journalism world. Palmer, cited in Harcup and ONeill (2001) stated that Galtung and Ruges study was the earlier attempt to provide a systematic definition of newsworthiness.The layer could be based on absolutely anything, from focusing on an individual, to a streamlet tale or be totally unexpected etc. However, non all news stories are interesting. Stories that are ascertainn as a priority in contemporary news journalism are usually those to do with politics, human interest and disasters etc. A fable that is classed as newsworthy is often described as quick, negative and sustains drama etc. fit in to Mcnair (1999) news value act as a cue for the audience alerting them to the importance of the issue.News determine can often co-occur with newsroom observation studies, for employment, both try to capture the unwritten rules of journalism. News values of a story are non written down in a book. A trainee journalist cannot be taught astir(predicate) what news values apply to for each genius story. According to Lippman (1922) news values are an sexual code. The journalist has to learn to carry what news values a story has and its news worthiness to its audience.So the reason behind why a plastered story has been selected as a front page story for occupat ion sake in a newspaper, is because the editor believes it has high news values and is very newsworthy to its audience, meaning people are way out to read it because the story is relevant and/or affects them and, at that placefore, is a priority in the news journalism world. According to Lippman (1922) reporters are said to gestate a good nose or a gut feeling for a good story.For the wellbeing of this essay I will define in force(p) a few of Galtung and Ruges news values. Firstly, negativity, which refers to the old clich of the only good news is bad news. An example of a story that contains this news value is the cartridge holder out and the continuing rise of the unemployed. Threshold, is another news value which is based on the coat of the story for example how umteen people does it involve? E.g. The Jonathan Ross saga heterogeneous a bod of people having their salaries cut. Proximity, is another news value this is based on whether the story is occlude to opineers economically or geographically. surprisingness of an event is a news value which is pretty much self explanatory an example of a story that contains this news value is 9/11.Another news value is what is known as a lengthiness story, which is an established sequence, an example being the Madeline McCann story, as this has been an ongoing story since her slice in 2007. Galtung and Ruge believe that the more news values a story has, the more of a priority it has in contemporary news journalism. An example of this would be the 2004 Tsunami which included the news values of negativity as many lost their homes and lives. Unexpectedness, as in that location was no warning to the natural disaster. Threshold, as the story involved a huge number of people. It was eventually a continuation story where it was reported on for weeks after the event happened.For the benefit of this essay, I am going to compare the similarities and differences of what news stories were selected and seen as a priority to the news journalism world (as they were seen as the most newsworthy to their audience).I chose to look at BBC Wales Today and ITVS Wales Tonight. The programmes were aired on Monday 26h October at 6.00 p.m.ITV Wales stories were (in a three to four word sum up of each story) a car bomb in Pakistan which has the news values of negativity and threshold as it affects a large number of people. The certify story is about 3 pilots dying in a plane encounter which has the news values of negativity, proximity (geographically) as the location of the crash was closely to positioners and one of the victims lived in Cardiff. The story also held the news value of unexpectedness of the crash. Finally the third story which was about a case to lift the spirits of the Welsh people living in the valleys. This story had the news value of proximity, as it is the location of where a large number of people from the target audience live and threshold as it affects a large number of people .The first BBC Wales Today story was about unsalaried benefit, whereby people with disabilities are owed money by the Government. The story has the news values of negativity and threshold as it affects a large number of people. The story was a continuation story as this story has been test for a while. The second story was the valleys campaign to lift spirits, which had the same news values as previously mentioned. Finally the third story was the Teacher of the year award, which is about a secondary school head teacher in Worcestershire winning the award. The news values for this item are proximity, as it is close to where the target audience lives, and unexpectedness of who was the winner of the award.An interesting point to make is that the only story featured on both news programmes was the one about the valleys campaign even though the angle and where the story was place in the news programme differed. It was placed third in ITVS hunt downning order and second in BBC Wales Today. This means that BBC Wales Today believes that the story is more news worthy to its audience and, therefore, more of a priority in news journalism to be shown in that particular order. Another mover to consider is why certain stories were chosen for ITV and not selected for BBC Wales? Why were certain stories seen as a priority in contemporary journalism and others were not?A highly criticised point made by Tunsall (1971) shows how the model decidedly needs to be updated, as detailed and better photographs are apply more frequently in contemporary news journalism, this may be due to a number of reasons such as the advance of technology. Also, there seems to be a growing number of citizen journalism, where non trained journalists take it upon themselves to take pictures, for example, send them to editors of newspapers and then make money out of them. I would in spades modify the model as I believe news values of a story can also be ocular imperatives, as in a picture or vi deo footage.We may consider that without such visual imperatives some news stories may not pay been so newsworthy, for example, 9/11. The story had some amazing pictures taken of the event of the Twin Towers actually collapsing (The pictures were taken by a citizen journalist which showed how quick, unexpected and shocking the event was).However, we tolerate to consider without this footage would the story have been so big? Inevitably the story would have been front page news globally without the footage as it would have been a priority story in news journalism just the footage has a definite impact on the story. According to Tunsall as cited in Harcup and ONeill (2001) they state that Galtung and Ruge looked only at sum that was explicitly concerned with the selected crises and their list of factors made no reference to how visual elements, such as dramatic photographs, could affect the content of written material.Having visual imperatives makes the story have higher news valu es than if there was no pictures etc. at all and it was just a written oblige about the event. I think photographs for such a news story are necessary as it helps capture the priorities of contemporary news journalism.A criticism of Galtung and Ruges model is, how do journalists define their news values? This may be made clearer by Harcup and ONeills (2001) example. Using one of Galtung and Ruges news values called threshold. They state Isnt this still open to subjective interpretation? Which is bigger, twenty deaths in ten road accidents or five deaths in one aim crash? So it seems that maybe the model is unclear and that it should be updated to be clearer about their definitions of news values, in order to be able to capture the priorities of contemporary news journalism.Furthermore, Harcup and ONeill (2001) present that A number of Galtung and Ruges factors appear to be problematic to identify while others may be identifiable but less in any intrinsic properties of a potential news story and more in the process of how a story has been constructed or written up. In other words they argue that Galtung and Ruges model is more to do with how a story has been told by the journalist.However, an alternative perspective to Galtung and Ruges propaganda news values model is the Herman and Chomskys propaganda model (1988) in Manufacturing Consent The Political delivery of the Mass Media. The pair (who are professors of communication), examine and analyse evidence of US news output and why it works in this way in capturing the priorities of contemporary journalism. This possible action proposes a five riddle theory which I will now go on to discuss. The five filters are size ownership, advertisement, sources, flack and anti- communism.Basically the Herman and Chomsky theory (from a hand out give in lectures), is based on the organisation of news institutions, as they see the news journalism world, as being set in the commercialise system. The five filters work through independent action and self-censorship instead of transmit control. According to Herman (1996) They work as filters through which information must pass, and that individually and often in additive fashion they help shape media choices.I am going to discuss the five filters, the first being size/ownership which is becoming progressively more concentrated. The pair believes there are a smaller number of proprietors concerned and it seems the big fish at the top eat the little fish. They believe that the market (which is owned by a limited number of wealthy people), is entirely focused in the direction of profit and that there are certain barriers to entry in to the ownership market. They argue that restrictive practices are sometimes activated and that the news media has a built-in bias because of its common interests with other major corporations.The second filter is advertising Chomsky and Herman claim that the news media is in the business of exchange audiences to adver tisers (especially affluent audiences). Corporate advertisers therefore work as an un functionary licensing authority. A large part of profit made by newspaper companies is from advertising tax.According to Herman (1996) Newspapers are funded largely by advertisers who are also profit-seeking entities, and who demand their ads to appear in a supportive selling environment.The third filter is primary sources, which the pair claim that journalists are obliged to view official sources (political, corporate, military) as essentially more reliable than others. Alternative sources of news and opinions are therefore marginalized or ignored.The next filter is flak. This can be negative responses from above to news reporting (phone calls, letters, threats, etc.) all of which constitute flak. It receives respectful anxiety (and is not denounced or ignored for what it is). Flak upsets advertisers so news media attain to avoid doing anything to aggravate it in other words they will not publ ish anything that will offend the advertiser.Finally the last filter I am going to describe is anti-communism (also referred to as the anti-ideology filter). It believes the US news media has an inbuilt bias against communism, in particular, but also against any form of socialism and it therefore tends to support the US in regards to right-wing regimes abroad.Many journalists argue there are many critiques of this model such as it doesnt react journalists own intuitions. They believe that the fifth filter is too restricted (in time and space). They argue that it is a conspiracy theory and it ignores objectivity as a main fear of the journalist. According to Klaehn (2002) Chomsky and Hermans theory is an overly deterministic view of media behaviour.I think some of the filters apply in the UK for capturing news journalism, for example, size and ownership, as Chomsky and Herman argue that the news media is increasingly concentrated into fewer businesses. My research (although it onl y talks about the news medium of newspapers), concurs that ownership is restricted. According to The House of Lords (2008) In the United Kingdom, the national newspaper industry is run by eight companies-one of which has over 35% of the national newspaper market. I think that second filter advertising if the most influential of all the filters, because without revenue from advertising, the revenue made from the sale of newspapers would not be generous to support the company financially and most likely shareholders of the company would view this as a huge problem as there would be no newspaper.This fact can be supported by the Chomsky and Herman theory mentioned in the first filter, who state The market is entirely focused in the direction of profit and they argue that restrictive practises are sometimes activated.For argument sake, if the Royal bank of Scotland were a major advertiser in the mundane Mail, and this newspaper ran a negative piece about how the Royal argot of Scotla nd bonus payouts to senior executives were outrageously high, the newspaper risks future advertising revenue from the offence caused. So this shows how certain information is not always captured by newspapers in contemporary news journalism.To conclude, although I believe that this original 1960s model is suitable in some respects, it does need modifying as it is outdated. A remarkable point to make is that the model does not include anything about celebrities and this would definitely be a modification I would make. Britains contemporary news journalism now often features repute stories in their newspapers. It is often argued that British society has become extremely fascinated with the celebrity life and has positive into a celebrity culture where we want to find out what the celebrities have been up to, whos wearing what, who has just had a baby and who is splitting up etc. It has become very much apparent that celebrity stories have become part of todays news, although a point to think about is whether it is a major priority to contemporary news journalism to feature these types of stories in our news sources.Harcup and ONeills (2001) study states that when Galtung and Ruges news model mentions the news value, Reference to elite group People they stated that they were not necessarily the elite people that Galtung and Ruge had in mind. The UK press seems obsessed with celebrities such as TV soap stars, sports stars, take in stars and, of course, royalty. In contrast, the elite people identified by Galtung and Ruges model were the politically powerful, people in positions of authority.With newspapers including more information about scandal and celebrities, there are concerns about the so called dumbing down of news and possible growing of a term called tabloidization. This is where political news is being replaced by celebrity news. So is this really what society wants to read about? Has contemporary journalism come to this?