Interview Analysis. The police corruption Essay

Interview Analysis. The legal philosophy corruption - Essay ExampleBoth Dan Dekoeyer and Tim DeKoeyer believe that the police has belong more ethical over the time than they were ten years ago, and the improvement is continual. However, Tim DeKoeyer goes a step gain ground to attribute this positive change to the improved standards of recruitment by the LEOs as they have started to search for more educated candidates. Education not only increases the knowledge of police military officers, but also inculcates a reek of responsibility in them. Dan Dekoeyer thinks that some police officers become involved in misconduct because he considers the crinkle of police a high-pressure job in which, there exist numerous sources of temptation for the police officers. Most of the police officers dont display a corrupt behavior intention entirelyy quite they have to make some immediate decisions quite often which may at times, go wrong. Also, this is not something that only happens in the LE Os. Indeed, all occupations assume probability for such circumstances. Tim DeKeoyer also thinks that police officers or officers be to any LEO are just as likely to show misconduct as a person belonging to any other organization. As human beings and specially being in an environs where they have to constantly interact or deal with criminals transfers some of the negative energy to the police officers as well. One reason why many of them show misconduct is that the reward they get for they services is further too less as compared to the toughness of their job. Accountability for the police officers has increased significantly over the time, which makes it all the more difficult for a police officer to offer his best services for the nation. Although Dan Dekoeyer emphasizes that academies providing the police with breeding in the present age give due importance to... The intention of this study is the police corruption, a very important issue that has affected the society in many ways. The integrity of police plays a decisive role in the improvement of the condition of law and order in the country. From the responses of the interviewees, it can be inferred that a vast majority of police officers work in due accordance with the requirements of ethics. They are truthful as individuals and basic human beings, but still, they have to suffer from the lack of public confidence. People broadly tend to underestimate the police ethics and show little respect for the same. People do not place confidence in police ethics because of two prime reasons First, there exists and nurtures a purification in the police that gradually inculcates a change in the behaviors and morality of a police officer for the worse. Second, there is a perception that policing mostly provides a means for racial discrimination to intensify. These perceptions have abandoned rise to such endpoints as slippery slope, noble cause corruption and Dirty set upon scenario. The term slippery slope is used to refer to the tendency of the police to undergo gradual worsening of the moral status of police as well as the permissibility of deviant behavior in them. The term Dirty Harry scenario is used to refer to the assumed tendency of police to torture the kidnappers and other guarantor takers. The term noble cause corruption is used to refer to the habit of police to make blanched lies or deal with the bad people under the influence of their personally kept moral value that often make the officers violate the laws.

Mechanical Engineering Graduate School Personal Statement

Mechanical Engineering Graduate coach - Personal Statement ExampleI have taken courses in advanced mathematics as well as engineering physics classes. I have in addition had research experience which is a critical component in masters programs. In particular, I have been on dickens research projects dealing specifically with the construction of different types of robots and looking at the future of commercial turnout of robots for daily household use. I have also had experience in the industry as well. I worked at H.C. Starck Inc. as an intern where I learned essential skills that were important to work there, but also give me foundational knowledge going into the masters program. In particular, I learned about maintenance and prize control of the products produced as well as data basing. My goals are very compatible with your program in mechanical engineering. My short term career goal is to receive a position on or start managing an interdisciplinary research and development t eam. I believe that I can successfully reach this by focusing on research in the masters program by facilitating cooperation in engineering teams as well as learning how to overcome engineering obstacles in research. Eventually, I would standardized to teach and become a professor of robotics or human factor engineering so that I can pass down the experience and knowledge that I have learned to the next times of engineers.

A3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A3 - Assignment exercisingThe retch managers be extremely experienced in building and construction as the project highly involves much of construction. The internal workers are also critical in coordinating the construction. Most of the internal workers are highly experienced in finance management and their input to the projects is critical due to financial reasons.preparation consultants, Architect, surveyors are very critical as the project is certainly a sensitive one. Without the approval of the surveyors, the project can barely move on since passageway construction involves many designs, which can only be carried out, by a surveyor and Architect (Sears & Sears, 2010).The project achievement go away depend on how well the stakeholders will communicate. A good communication plan will get wind that every stakeholder is actively involved in the road construction project. The success of the project is a matter of effective communication. In the course of the road construction project, communication is done in various ways. The most form of communication includes written, oral and non-verbal communication. send back 1 represents different tasks that will be carried out by the projects and the responsible stakeholders. The architect undertakes the planning task. As noted in Table 1, the architect is required to plan for the project in four days.The success of the project depends on how professional the manager regards time management. In some cases, the participant may pretermit enthusiasm as they continue with the project. In such a situation, it is the responsibility of the project manager to ensure that the project does not derail due to time management problems. This can be done by assigning durations to the WBS.As indicated in Table 1, the projects there are various items that are involved in the projects. Nevertheless, during the project, it is important to pay attention to some of the items. Time management is one of the most

OVERSEAS MARKET ENTRY ACTIONS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

OVERSEAS food foodstuff ENTRY ACTIONS - Assignment ExampleElfin Sports Cars Pty Ltd was founded in the year 1957 and is regarded as one of the foremost commercialise players operating in the automotive industry throughout the globe. The companion has been involved in making certain(a) extremely competitive open-wheeler and sports cars that range from Formula Vees to the MR9 Formula 5000 and the 1959 Streamliner (Elfin Sports Cars, 2008). It is quite essential for Elfin to adopt and track down appropriate international assembly line strategies in order to make a dominant entry into the business market of Brazil. It has been earlier discourseed that Brazil can be a potential business market for the company i.e. Elfin due to its exceptional possession of natural resources, stabilised political system, greater level of vernacular National Product (GNP) and raising income level of the people residing within various regions of the nation (Campante, 2009).With this concern, the rep ort intends to discuss the appropriate international business strategies that Elfin might adopt and apply to the target overseas market i.e. Brazil. Moreover, a detailed discussion regarding the marketing actions in terms of marketing mix strategy snap on certain specific elements of marketing mix would also be discussed in this report. Most importantly, sufficient organisational structure and control system emphasising the association prevailing amongst home and host organisation, relationship between headquarter (HQ) and subsidiary and centralisation versus decentralisation would be proposed in the report.Elfin may adopt appropriate and impelling international business strategies as an action towards making a flourishing entry in the think overseas market i.e. Brazil. It is worth mentioning that the favourable conditions prevailing within Brazil in terms of political and financial aspect among others would ultimately support the sports manufacturing company to make successful entry in various regions of the nation. However, still the company requires following

Sustainability in global business-Meeting the Challenge of Sustainable Essay

Sustainability in global business-Meeting the Challenge of Sustainable Business - Essay workoutThe human interactions that ar pre-industrial with the natural system and the social system usually cause changes to the short-term and local anaesthetic scale. The present socio-ecological interactions are generating a wide spread in the global changes with changes that are temporary and far-off into the hereafter. The harmful consequences that we face because of human forcing on the ecological and social systems may never find the dissolving agent required through single issues like solving the global poverty or resource efficacy (Blowfield, 2012, p. 18).The genuine processes and the societal structures are structured in a manner that they contribute systematically to the accredited directions that are unsustainable and causing the people to face the difficulty to inspire global unity around safeguarding the probabilities of the future options. The development of sustainability s ignifies the increase of the peoples room for maneuver. This requires an approach that is systematic in solving of problems and the strategical planning by identifying control for restoration in both ecological and human (Stoner and Wankel, 2010, p. 32).Many organizations are adopting policies and practices that are sustainable and they integrate them with the strategies in their organizations for the purpose of organization development (Schmidheiny, 1992, p. 214). Research has indicated that that most of the changes in the organizations efforts plateau after the initial period Research has of passion and was not able to become an incorporated and sustained approach to the planning strategies and development. It is determined that changes that are unstained can be related to the current disclosure on the developments that are sustainable and focuses on the establishment of the evolving technology and instrumental policies such as what to do (Blowfield, 2012, p. 58).A complementary research

The Role of the Leader in Evaluating Data to Improve Quality and Assignment

The Role of the draw in Evaluating Data to Improve Quality and Safety Paper - Assignment ExampleDespite the increase attention within the healthcare industry to facilitate reimbursement to the best available intentions for managing persevering falls, the rank extend to escalate, which puts the patients and their caregivers at risk. The facts as expressed in the core of this study indicate the alarming rates, which falls and early(a) critical developments in the care facilities continue to influence the role of the nursing leaders. The facts as presented remain undeniably high compared to the rates of the manageable themes within this case as the report indicates. The telemetry unit in this case is observing an increasing rate of falls of patients. For instance, compared to the average age, which is at 72.4 years, this rate of falls is quite unenviable to note the cause. Secondly, the majority of the cases of the patient falls as depicted in the case apply to the patients with diuretics. The patients depict aspects of confusion and disorientation, constituting 12% of the patients with such secondary diagnostics. This establishment is vital to the establishment of workable plan. Additionally, it is also plain that most of the cases of the patient falls occur during the early morning hours. The patient reports indicate that a fundamental majority of the patients experiencing falls occurs from 300 AM to 1100 AM. Moreover, it is also notable that the minimum number of patient falls occurs in the afternoon hours. These observations indicate the consume to evaluate the causative factors contributing to this trend in within the unit.From observing the developments in the fall rates, it is also notable that the average falls is on the ascending for each of the days within the hours described. The nurses that recall the incidents when the patient fell indicate that the patient fall rates increase with increase in age. This observation means that the plan to a ddress the cases of patient falls need to consider the vulnerability and co-morbidities

Market Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

commercialiseplace Structure - Essay ExampleWhat is also significant to generalise that the article discusses how the services atomic number 18 packaged together with the goods to deliver a unique combination of religious oblation to the consumers? This combination of selling the services and goods as the bundled products are changing the way traditionally goods and services are being offered. This article discusses also the strategies of the leading players in the market and how the competition between them is shaping the proximo of the industry. This paper will discuss the market structure described in the article, how the externalities, environmental policies as good as the public goods are being offered and finally how the production takes place and the relative costs associated with it. Market Structure This article discusses an industry which is an oligopoly in nature. Oligopoly is that form of market structure where the industry or the market is dominated by smaller nu mber of sellers. (McEachern 2008). Since in oligopoly, there are smaller number of sellers accordingly each participant in the market is aware of what another(prenominal) is doing and thus the decisions of one firm is every influenced by the decisions of other firms or its decision influence the players in the market. The overall strategic planning influence of each of the player in the market therefore takes into account the actions and strategies of other players. (Bowles 2006). This article discusses as to how the Apple, with its products especially smartphones, MP3 players and tablet computers is influencing the market. It is also important to note that un manage other firms in the market, Apple is offering two the hardware as comfortably as the software thus affecting and influencing the market from both the ends. It is also important to note that Apple and other producers in the market i.e. Microsoft and Google specially are the legal injury setters in the market rather than price takers. Barriers to the entry in the market are high to a fault owing to the high cost involved in the acquisition of sophisticated technology as well as economies of scales involved due to sheer production of number of units by each of the player in the market. Apple and other firms in the industry also seem to capture the long run gain thus ensuring that the new entrants into the market cannot access to the abnormal profits in the long run. This ability of the firms like Apple has allowed it to set higher prices for its products such as Apple IPAD and IPODs. Externalities, environmental policies and Public goods Public goods, in economics, are considered as the goods which are non-rival as well as non-excludable. Non-excludable goods are those goods which create the problems of so called let off riders wherein once the goods are produced, it is almost impossible to exclude the people from using them even if they have not paid for it. Further, the non-rival nature of the goods suggests that the consumption of goods by one individual does not reduce the quantity on hand(predicate) for consumption to other consumers. (Baumol and Blinder 2008). Considering the above clarifications in mind, it is important to note that the article has discussed that Apple and other companies in the market are offering free public goods.

Evaluation of Innovation, T Mobile, Nike Considered and Swatch Assignment

Evaluation of Innovation, T Mobile, Nike Considered and Swatch - Assignment ExampleThere are third basic techniques in which enterprises can compete they include production, development, and distribution. This is where T mobile, Nike and Swatch enterprises have developed their competitive advantage. This newspaper will compare and contrast the process of creativity and innovation involved, in the development of a product, a service and a process in T mobile, Nike considered and the SwatchThe Swatch redesign came about because of low priced quartz watches from Hong Kong and Japan, as well as the adoption of the quartz technology, which was invented by the Swedish. There were strategic, managerial and structural problems, which led to the amalgamation of Omega and Asuag (Swedish biggest watch enterprises) into Swiss Corporation for Microelectronics and Watchmaking. At the time of the merger, the watch grocery store had been divided into 3 market segments lower segment, intermediate and the highest market. It is at the instance that Swatch emerged to control cost and quality in the segments. Swatch introduced write out tied to a firms philosophy, which welcomes the change. Swatch configured itself to rapidly develop, launch, manufacture and deliver its new merchandises to the market via cross-functional and synchronized engineering processes and structures. Use of cross-functional crews by aided in the reduction of costs and maximization of results for Swatch. Swatch is designed not as a commodity but an emotional product. It became an accessory something that was not common with other(a) brands. As an accessory Swatch was very recognizable. Additionally, to make it even more appealing, the Swatch was designed with different colors that matched with an single(a)s outfit. The colors made Swatch more vibrant with crazy designs, which matched mood as well as the sense of style (Design Council 2009).Nike redesigning strategy wasinfluenced by the criticism it rec eived in the 1990s because of its poor savvy and its environmental policies.

Final Film Critique The notebook Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

concluding Film Critique The nonebook - Movie Review ExampleCertain scenes of the movie have colossal importance and director of the film should be applauded for it. The objective of the paper remains to examine all the sections of the movies with survey eye, discuss its enormity and impact on the society and present a concise conclusion.Story apprisalThe movie has been shot in an elegant way. The movie starts off by an overaged man named Duke is sex act a story to an old woman about true(p) love in a nursing home. Duke is telling the story from the notebook which he posses. The year of the story is depicted as 1940 and location is Seabrook Island, southward Carolina. Noah, a country boy falls in love with Allie Hamilton. They first witness each early(a) at a carnival. They started an affair without telling their parents. Love from both ends was colossal. Noah is desperate to get married with Allie and expresses his true feelings. Allie is also seriously in love with Noah. The future plans of Noah are to give Allie wonderful living even his current financial position is not stable. He takes her to an cast away contribute and tells her that hell purchase this house one day for her. Allie knew about Noahs true intentions and asks her to make love (Nicholas, 2012).On the other distribute Allie parents started looking for her with the police and found them. Allie is scolded from her parents for making out with Noah. They ban her from seeing Noah and tell her that he is not suitable for you. Allie is not satisfied with her parents decision. Anne- Allies mother is eager to separate both of them for which they move to Charleston, very future(a) morning. Noahs love does not decrease after such blow but her writes letter to Allie every day. Anne keeps the letter to herself and does not inform Allie in this whole time spam. retardation Allie is disappointed by Noah for not writing any letter and not showing up at Charleston. The World War II era starts, in which Noah participates and Allie worked as volunteer to help the wounded soldiers. Allie meets Lon Hammond who is lawyer by profession. Allies parents wanted them both to be engaged eventually Allie and Lon get married. Noahs mystify sold the house so that his sons wish of purchasing abandoned house would make love true. Noah after returning from the war watches the whole scenario and thanks his father. Noah visits Charleston where he watches Allie and Lon playing cards. Noah comes back to Seabrook, completes the abandoned house and gives an ad in the newspaper (Nicholas, 2012). Allie after watching the ad comes back to Seabrook where he meets Noah. The next day, Anne appears and tells Allie that Lon is in the town to take her back. While going towards Lon, Anne shows all the letters of Noah to Allie. Allie is shocked from watching the letters and confesses to Lon about her love towards Noah. Lon wanted Allie to stay but Allie wanted to live rest of her life with Noah. The old woman shown in the movie is basically Allie and the

Response Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

retort Strategies - Essay ExampleIn risk assessments i.e. interviews should be founded on the basis of the organizations or rambles objectives. This is so as to determine which risks and opportunities are available that can affect the realization of the objective. This makes it easier to be able to identify any strengths or weaknesses in the area of take apart. It gives more insight about recent developments in the area of study which might positively or negatively affect the venture. Help also determine the legal and constitution requirements that might post any risk to the entity (Fan, 2008).Following discovery and analysis of risks, appropriate action in response to the identified risks must be taken focusing on risks of most significance. The risks may be in form of opportunities or threats. The response actions to an opportunity may include exploitation, sharing and enhancement. These actions aim at realizing that the available opportunities are realized. Responses to threa ts include avoidance, transferring and mitigation of threats. It is necessary therefore to start with the handling of the high-priority opportunities since they foster the increment of a certain project. The opportunities action strategy will insure a positive impact is realized, and maximize the benefits realized for the project. Unlike the threats which may involve the incurring of costs or termination of a project even before it is realized. Hence, its quite appropriate to maximize on the opportunities

Questions (team decision) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions (team decision) - Assignment ExampleThe billet operations should be aligned with the mayors goals in order stay in the business while addressing the mayors concerns. For instance, the hotels should create policies that exit ensure that the business operate in environmental friendly way. The policies should focus on the social responsibilities of the firm. This mover that in order stay in the business, the hotel should ensure that it restores the natural environment that has been destroyed by the business operations. The hotel should also agree to pay fines that are equivalent the destructions they cause on the natural surroundings.In this case, unrivaled would justify the decision to fulfill the responsibility and face certain loss by focusing on the benefits of the natural environment in the community. The case can be justified if the benefits of the natural environment surpass the benefits of the hotels. For instance, it is worthy to eliminate the hotels as a long t erm solution since this will allows the beach pose to grow. This will attract more tourists, which will benefit the whole community. The hotels only benefit the hotel owners.One would also justify ignoring the responsibility by focusing on the benefits of the hotel. For instance, eliminating the hotels would lead to the loss of employment in the community. In addition, share holders will incur huge

Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior and Ethics Essay

Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior and Ethics - Essay ExampleIn addition, it studies individual conduct within several(predicate) organizational structures to determine why an individuals or groups respond as they do to different situations and how management can workout this to benefit the organization. Organizational behavior helps the manager derive the desired results from the political party while considering the practical and emotional needs of the individual employee.Organizational culture is the system of shared set and norms of the organizations members. It will dictate how the members form groups and communicate. It will involve the way the members dress, talk, and the language that they use in their business communications. It will also imply a set of ethics to be followed in their approach to business transactions. Organizational culture defines the tone and temperament of the organization that distinguishes it from other organizations.In addition, organizationa l culture will consist of the rites and traditions that the organization has. This may be as simple as a company picnic, an informal initiation process, or the respect for a chain of command. While this is helpful in developing a shared vision among the members for the companys objectives, it can also result in negative attitudes or outdated social perceptions in some cases. Racism or sexism may be difficult to eliminate if it is insidious within the organizational culture. Likewise, equality, social responsibility, and community service can be infused into an organization be affecting the organizational behavior.One of the biggest challenges facing the field of organizational behavior is the expanding worldwide marketplace and the increasing diversity in the workplace. Diversity can come in the form of race, ethnicity, age, gender, versed preference, or religion. Until recently the impact of diversity in the workplace was often overlooked and minorities were often anticipate to maintain a company culture that may have been hostile or

Marketing Strategy at Tesco plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

grocerying Strategy at Tesco plc - Essay ExampleSuperior improvement quality leads to favourable behavioural intentions, guest retention, a constant revenue stream, increased spending, willingness to pay expense premiums, and word-of-mouth advertising and customer capture. Verbalising good intentions is merely the first step in creating a authoritative attitude of satisfaction, but the second more important one is delivering on the good intentions. Kotler (1977) emphasised that a market-orientated business must focus not only on selling but on customer satisfaction but failed to emphasise the disconnection between the two. Zemke and Schaaf (1990, 53) argue that the really useful, specific, straight applicable discipline comes from talking to customers, constantly and often at length, to determine what the company is doing that makes them happy or not. Cronin and Taylor (1994) focus on performance measures of service quality rather than customer expectations.Piercys (2002) cus tomer relationship sliding scale (Fig. ... , specific, directly applicable information comes from talking to customers, constantly and often at length, to determine what the company is doing that makes them happy or not. Cronin and Taylor (1994) focus on performance measures of service quality rather than customer expectations.Customer FocusPiercys (2002) customer relationship sliding scale (Fig. 7.1, p.344) is more complicated than the matrix used by Reinartz and Kumar (2000) to determine which types of customers argon worth keeping and for whom the company must spend marketing resources to achieve retention. Its justification came from research that it git cost five times more to get a new customer than to keep an active one (Weinstein et al., 1999, p. 119), following Reicheld (1994) who asserted that a 5 percent increase in loyalty canister lead to a 25 to 85% increase in profitability.Pine (1993) talked of mass customisation and one-to-one marketing, let loose Hamel and Prah alad (1989) who warned of convergence of producers and customers with the Internet, which empower customers to become active co-creators of products, services, and value. Businesses have to show greater sensitivity to customer wants. Market ChoicesThe simplified market choice diagram (Piercy, 2002, Fig. 8.1, p. 410) builds on the complex market analysis models proposed by academics such as the product-customer matrix (Piercy, 2002, Fig. 8.2, p. 412). These models build on studies made by management science academics as freewoman (1984) who proposed that the company must satisfy all of its stakeholders, quite an impossible task even for the best managers. bartlett and Ghoshal (1994) argued for strategic choice, related to the purpose for the existence of the business. Hamel and Prahalad (1989, 75) suggested that businesses define

The Future Pedagogy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The Future Pedagogy - denomination ExampleThus we see an explosion in the education system which had come out of its handed-down boundaries.The world was earlier divided into nations and communities. The globalization of trade and commerce had a twin effect on education. As the world converted into a global village so did the communities by melting into from each one other and communication on a rough-cut scale became a necessity. English had already belong the row of commerce, more by default than by design, and it was but natural that it also became the most utilize language of communication in social, technological, scientific and other fields. The direction of the language became a foremost vex and many ways and means were developed and tried to teach English as a instant language (ESL).The pedagogy, where the students or learners had to be trained through the habit of computers and software, is already in place. It had been in common use for dissemination of knowledge of subjects other than the language. Yet knowledge of English as a language was required as the subjects were well covered in this language. There is, however, a gap in the pedagogy of language. It was still being taught in the traditional way.By far the biggest barrier in the way of speech Acquisition especially English as Second Language (ESL) is the cultural difference between those who use English as First Language and those who have other Language as their first Language. It ordain be demonstrated later in the paper that as culture and language are intertwined, the field of operation of one without the knowledge of the other becomes fructuous. This is another problem that needs addressing and is presently being handled through conglomerate culture classes and interaction between sets of students with distinctive cultures. But is this enough? Is this the final solution? Is there a more superior yet easier method?Words and their meanings are often misleading.

Sainsbury's analysis and valuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sainsburys digest and valuation - Essay ExampleIt gene sum upd ?131 million PBT in 2010. 4- Sainsburys banking which is the result of a joint stake with Lloyds bank. It created such services as insurances, credit cards and loans and gene treadd ?7 million PBT in 2010(j.Sainsbury our business 2011). gibe to J.Sainsbury RAQs (2011), there atomic number 18 different competitors of Sainsbury for each of its areas. For example, for supermarket, which is the biggest activity in the company, competitors are Tesco, Marks & Spencer and Morrison. However, the competitors for banking service are the traditional high street banks, Tesco and M&S financial services, Egg, MNA, Capital one, Direct Line and Cahoot. This musical composition will analyze the Sainsbury Company through a look into its macroeconomic environment, industry, five forces model, business model, and financial conditions. Business investors may use the recommendation made in this paper to see whether to buy, sell or hold S ainsburys share. Macroeconomic Environment Interest Rate and Inflation Rate UK interest ordinate in March 2011 had been registered at 0.5% which is a record low (BBC, 2011). In February 2011, inflation rate of UK rosiness to 4.4% (BBC, 2011). Interest rate has a major impact on time value of money. Changes in the rate of inflation generally result in alterations in the interest rate. These two factors are the key factors busy in the decision making for investment since they maintain a direct impact upon the investment military issue. In case of UK, the record low interest rate will support the investment on shares. Rising interest rates retard the growth of inflation. Lower rate of interest increases the borrowing from businesses, which push aside have an impact on Sainsburys. This can make investment in durable consumer goods products such as automobiles, capital equipments and buildings appealing. The lower rate of interest can also affect the value of currency by making the currency weak. This can in turn enhance the market value of Sainsburys for the foreign purchasers. This will also help to increase the profitability of the company (Economy Watch, 2009). Rise in inflation rate coincides with the increase in cost of fuel, food and clothing items. Rise in inflation generally takes mooring due to increase in wholesale price index, which can have an effect on sell spending of a consumer and can weaken the consumer demand. Inflation rise also increases prices of products and VAT (value added tax) on a product that generally affects the sales volume. Factors like high level of inflation, subdued growth of wage and hesitant economic viewpoint generally reflect in terms of consumer spending. Therefore, the inflationary scenario in the UK can have a big impact of the sales and profitability of Sainsbury (RTE News, 2001). 1-PEST analysis Political According to Lawrence (2010a), the government intends to correct the role of the Food Standards Agency (FSA ) and remove the traffic light food labeling system, which has long been opposed by leading supermarkets like Tesco. As a result, the food industry will face little to no regulation for self and voluntary regulation (Lawrence 2010b). Leading supermarkets will have a strong aim as far as accompanying the government on the forming of new

Sociology of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sociology of Education - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that functionalism theory is structuralist in nature and though its enamor has waned over the past decades, it still makes important contributions in learning system and society. Functionalism holds that the main objective of reproduction is maintenance of social order in society. To ensure maintenance of social order in the society, the theory emphasizes on indoctrinating new generations with norms and values contained in education curriculum. In United Kingdom, the sociological splendor of functionalism has declined, but in education institutions, the theory continues playing a significant region in formation and shaping the guiding policies. According to Chris and Tony, the underlying ideologies of functionalism, which include emulation, consensus and achievement through merit, define education in addition to politics in the United Kingdom. According to Hill and Cole, broad groups of people and their behaviour is the st udy focus of functionalism. In respect to the role of education in society, the theory focuses on several study aspects, namely institutional relationships and functional linkage with society and merit based systems. In relation to institutional relationships, functional theory emphasises on the role of education in linking other social institutions such as family with occupational engagements. In contemporary society, Cole argues education plays an important role in linking the basic unit of measurement of society with the workplaces through variant mechanisms. For instance, education institutions develop the capacities of human resources through training. By setting various criteria for training of these professionals, education institutions ensure that the society has a balanced pool of human resources to meet its dramatize (David and Barry 1985). At personal or one-on-one levels, functionalism theory holds that education acts as an agent of secondary socialisation (Gillbo rn, and Mirza, 2000). By expanding or broadening individual experience through education, a child is prepared to take over the role of an adult in workplaces and society (Arum, and Beattie, 2000, p72). Meritocracy, in functionalist perspective plays a major role in ensuring that education performs its role in socialisation and promoting institutional linkage. According to, David and Barry (1985, p53), meritocracy refers to a system that offers rewards to an individual based on might and effort. Examples of rewards in the current society include job opportunities, advanced remuneration and elevated social status. Therefore, functionalists hold that rewards in society should be awarded to individuals who demonstrate high ability or effort rather than on grounds of nepotism, status of an individual or family background. In education, meritocracy has created competition in different levels of education because of various rewards offered on attaining a particular level. In United Kingd om, education qualifications at various levels such as GCSE and A levels determine the career that an individual can act or qualification for admission in available institutions of higher learning (Cole, 2009, p269). In

24 Hour Fitness Essay Example for Free

24 Hour Fitness Es reciteMy first steps into the sensitive 24 Hour Fitness ease were by far the most intimidating. As my eyes scanned over the massive room, my legs began to shake and my nose fill with the smell of sweat. I began to ask myself, What am I doing here? tho instead, I walked forward difficult to leave my fears of uncertainty behind. I felt extremely uncomfortable, not quiet sure if I was development the machines correctly, wondering if peck were staring at me. The sense of indecision slowed me down, even keeping me from trying new machines, not wanting to risk making a foolish error.After about 40 minutes, I called it a success and left. Soon school began and I would find more and more excuses not to go to the gym. As I noticed very little results in physical strength or appearance, I became less willing to keep going, until I stopped completely. It took another year for me to get back into the routine, but this time it changed my life. The first major step I took was setting out a basic class that I would have to follow. It listed specific exercise times, meal times, and even set head for the hillsouts.As I started to go at set times, I noticed the same people at the gym day after day. They began to notice me as well, correcting me on some exercises, and even teaching me new exercises for each muscle group. This is the jiffy when I really noticed myself fitting in. As my preparation and intensity grew, so did my knowledge in certain muscle groups. I went from working out unsystematically to an organized workout where I could postulate and focus on two muscle groups every day, one major and one minor.I score quadriceps/triceps on Monday, traps/back on Tuesday this paragraph continues with detailed and technical informationI also became fluent in the language and terms used at the gym. Each exercise would be divided into sets, thusly reps (or repetitions). There are usually ten reps in a set a typical workout requires three or fo ur sets. The more sets and reps you perform, the more endurance you are building. If you do fewer sets and reps, it is ruff to add more weight, this time building mass rather than endurance.Along with understanding the terms, you have to uplift the names of machines and exercises. People who dont attend the gym regularly are already sensitive of common lifts such as . On the other hand, people who work out on a regular basis are also aware of variations on each of those exercises. For example, instead of doing a unreserved bench press, a fitness guru would practice both incline and decline press, thereby concentrating on contrary parts of the chest muscle (upper and lower) and achieving a more balanced workout. The hardest part of the workout routine is acquiring started and keeping it going.People with a competitive nature will find it less of an obstacle, but if you affect that extra push, personal trainers and friends can always help you understand the right techniques You will quickly catch to notice the difference between a regular gym member and the beginners who attend just to say they came. Besides just looking at how toned someone is, you will be able to fragmentise the pretenders from the contenders by their incorrect form, the fact that they wander around and talk to friends more than they actually work out, and the machines they pick to work on.Although the gym consists of many members, the majority of them dont truly belong. Two people who may have completely different political beliefs, customs, and interests can bond together when they dedicate themselves to the common goals and set of the workout community. Once you enter this group, you are united not by words but by a sense of respect for other members and for the uphill struggles that each of us must face to work toward physical fitness Working out is comparable to studying in the ways it improves you.Most people put it off as long as they can, procrastinating until they feel it c an no longer wait. perusal and working out are both often done incorrectly, giving you very little or no gain. Sometimes, even if performed correctly, it will take awhile before you begin to notice improvement for your efforts. adept like studying, the reward of working out is found in the process itself as much as in the results. Practice may not make perfect, but it will definitely make improvements toward your targeted goal.

Leadership Styles and Their Effectiveness Essay Example for Free

leadinghip Styles and Their Effectiveness Essay chum EditorFacultyCertification of AuthorshipI certify that I am the author of this report card and that any assistance I recieved in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in this cover.I as well as acquire citedd any sources from which I used data,ideas,or words,either quoted directly or parapharased.I certify that this paper was prep ard by me espcifically for the purpose of this assignment,as directed. expend session II leadhip Styles and Their EffectivenessIke HallEDAD-8021Pro-seminar Leading Community PracticeDr.DuhonPraxis Paper Submitted Feburary 24,2008 in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education (ED.D.) leading Styles and Their Effectiveness basisThe late Harold Geneen, man behind the success of the International Teleph atomic number 53 and Telegraph Corp. (ITT), once said Leadership cannot really be taught. It can only be learned. Essentially leading is always trus sed to the individual who takes on the role. Throughout history, many great leaders emerged. They brought with them either positive or forbid stoop. They are considered great leaders because of their undeniable contribution in shaping the events of time. But what in their leadership mien makes them great?There are many definitions of leadership however usually it is defined by the results it produces, both in the situation and the population under it. More commonly leadership is defined as the influence of angiotensin converting enzyme over those he leads (Clark 2007). There are many facets to leadership. In fact it is one of the more or less studied subjects around. many researches have been conducted to tap it. Many programs have been designed to enhance it. Many individuals seek it. And many scholars have tried to explain it.One of the most common inferences of leadership is that leaders are made not born (Clark 2005). This paper will try to identify what makes a great le ader. By studying the antithetic styles of leadership, it aims to present a more concrete explanation of the subject. Going through with(predicate) the merits of the different styles will essentially broaden understanding. By assessing the different points of leadership, a clearer picture of its influence, particularly in the school setting will be achieved.While leadership remains subjective and relative (Bittel, 1989) this paper will seek to create a more objective view of the subject. It will expose its most important components. It will present a few of its tested formulae. By doing so, it will identify what are essential to becoming an effective leader today.Evidence from LiteratureA great number of books have been written on leadership. Experts have been very generous in sharing their thoughts about it. In fact, in the last 30 years alone there has been an influx of experts in the subject. No matter how it is explained, or what terms are used to describe it, the view on lead ership remains essentially the same. compensate John Maxwell, arguably the most popular expert in leadership summarizes it as simply the influence of one over others (1998).Not surprising, experts bring with them different views on leadership. They also encourage people to remove to their own brand or style of leading. However while there seems to be a self-colored lot of choices, leadership style can very well be broken down into collar (Goodworth 1988) general classifications. These are Autocratic, Laissez Faire and elective (Vaccio 1988).Autocratic or Authoritarian Leadership is defined as one that dominates (Bittel 1989). Its most common attribute is the all-encompassing rule over team members or followers. Most seeming Autocratic Leaders will not admit they are. However, the reality of it is that it is the easiest and most common style in leadership. It is so common that usually individuals adapt to it more quickly.Even though this style is viewed as abrasive material an d often times unproductive as it stirs team members or followers toward passive resistance, it can be highly effective in situations requiring urgent action. The greatest dictators of history all possess autocratic leadership characteristics that they maximized to propel them to infamous success. One of the most obvious evidences of this particular style is it takes advantage of the weaknesses of team members or followers in every situation.While the Autocratic Leadership suppresses input of team members or followers, it is spotless the opposite in Laissez Faire Leadership. Also named as Free Reign (Goodworth 1988), this particular style houses decision-making on the men of the team members or followers. It is described as having very little involvement from the leader. It gives little direction and motivation. This leadership style is ideal only in groups composed of individuals who are highly motivated with great initiative. Laissez Faire Leaders totally empower their members t o achieve goals. It is important that the members are therefore worthy of empowerment.The third style is the Democratic Leadership. It is also referred to as Participative (Clark 2007). The Democratic Leader consults with team members or followers in decision-making without relinquishing secure over the team. Participation is encouraged, hence the name. Similar to Laissez Faire, Democratic Leadership empowers members as well. The distinct difference surrounded by the two is that Democratic Leadership has more leader involvement. Although the team members and followers are given an spry role in decision-making, last judgment still remains with the leader.The three general classifications otherwise cognize as leadership styles are very different from one another. Each has a set of untroubled and bad points that makes them distinct. However no matter how different they are, they all define leadership the same way. Leadership is influence. This is one irrefutable fact of leadershi p that experts agree on.Critical AnalysisIt was mentioned in previous paragraphs that leadership is relative (Maxwell 1998). Its effectiveness depends on the individual who takes on the role. Each style of leadership offers up both positive and negative traits. Each is ideal in certain situations. Each has the capacity to achieve success.In a school set-up, leadership is often a combination of the three classifications. This is not an ideal practice however this is probably the most common. In many instances teacher and student have an autocratic relationship. teacher speaks and students listen. Teachers give instructions and students follow. This practice however is slowly becoming old-school.Today, teachers and students have a free mass meeting of ideas. In fact there are times that teachers allow students to take control of discussions. Particularly in school teams, coaches are often accused of allowing their team to have a free reign during games. The effrontery level is so hi gh that empowerment is effortless.Democratic style of leadership is one which is commonly desired. An readable sharing of views and balanced decision-making are often claimed. In the school setting this style of leadership is transparent in organizations. Teachers and students are leveled with each other. The school paper is the best example of this kind of leadership. Although teachers hold the final decisions in publications, students are given the opportunity to bring their point across without fear of being shut-down. cultivate is the best place to exercise leadership. There are so many opportunities to try out different styles, put them together to create a more stable form. Schools encourage leadership. Exposure to the different styles allows students to follow for themselves which are suitable for certain situations.ConclusionIt has been mentioned time and again that leadership is influence. The school is an ideal place to hone leadership potentials of individuals. In othe r words, the school provides an opportunity for individuals to acquire skills in influencing others.Leadership style will always be relative to the individual. Even experts agree to this with their different takes on leadership. However in all the study of leadership one thing remains. No one leadership style is generic (Clark 2005) enough to be applicable in all situations and all individuals. There will always be a need to put two or three different styles to make it work.ReferencesBittel, L. (1989). The McGraw-Hill 36-hour management line of work. US McGraw-Hill.Clark, D. (2005). Leadership styles. Retrieved on February 17, 2008 fromhttp//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadstl.htmlClark, D. (2007). Concepts of leadership. Retrieved on February 18, 2008 fromhttp//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadcon.htmlGoodworth, C. (1988). The secrets of successful leadership and people management. USHeimann Professional PublishingMaxwell, J. (1998). 21 irrefutable laws of leadership. US Thom as Nelson Publishing.Veccio, R. (1988). schoolmaster behavior. US Dryden Press

El Presidente Essay Example for Free

El Presidente EssayEl Presidente was a film which portrays the happenings from the past when colonization of other country started while Emilio Aguinaldo was the president.After honoring the film, though we watched it bit by bit because of limited time, I can say it was still worth it, because it at least showed to us the events in the past with the creativity of the people behind it.The film was good. I enjoyed watching it, though in some parts of it were kind of confusing to me maybe because I dont have enough k in a flashledge of history. There are parts when Andres Bonifacio had been a traitor and had been punished to death because of him being a traitor, this preoccupied me. Way back years ago, when I was in elementary and extravagantly school years, I can still remember that A. Bonifacio was one of the people I salute in the Philippine History, for being the Father of Katipunan and founder of it. But when I saw that film, Im confused with what to think of him because o f what he acted when someone kind of insult him for not having a higher level of education. He loses his patience and that led to his betrayal to the katipunan. I think if I was in his position, I wouldnt do what he did, I would prove them wrong about what they think an uneducated or someone who has lower level of learning unworthy to lead, with that he should have proved himself worthy instead of being eaten by his anger.Also, theres another thing of the film which Im confused, its Emilio Aguinaldo. It seemed like E. Aguinaldo was a grapheme of person who do not have any flaws in the film. Overall the film was worth watching. It gave me puss bumps in some part of it because of its intensity, and that hurt feeling seeing how our ancestors fight for our freedom that were having now because of their bravery even though they had risked their lives for it.

Crime Against Women in Ncr Essay Example for Free

Crime Against Women in Ncr EssayThe Delhi-NCR locality has thrown up numerous such instances of guard apathy in foul up incases. When asked to explain the advance instances of rape, the cops make water invariably blamed the women, an array of extraneous factors or resorted to specious arguments instead of looking inwards and focusing on police re rows. The most disturbing aspect of this is the rank misogyny that underlies it.Crime against study bang-up Region is alarming. Usu on the wholey e precise day a single case of rape is describe in e precise city area of India. So it is wrong to say NCR alone. But The National swell Region has become a hub for rapes and sexual assaults. In 2010, as many as 414 rape cases were inform in Delhi, the highest among 35 major cities in the country. At least three women were raped or molested in the national capital. A total of 128 cases of molestations and rapes were reported from Delhi, Noida and Ghaziabad in the first 45 days of the year. Delhi/NCR Often been called the rape capital of India. Why is Delhi Indias most dangerous city for women? May be because Chaotic growth, bad policing and a judicial system close to collapse. Recently A 23-year-old girl was allegedly abducted and gang-raped in a woful car by a neighbor and his friends in NoidaA woman was gang raped by five y appearhs, who also thrashed her boyfriend in Kamla Nehru Nagar in Ghaziabad.A 14-year old girl was raped by a neighbor in Mehrauli in south Delhi. And The 23-year-old Girl, who worked at a barroom in a mall in Gurgaon, had alleged that she was sexually assaulted by a group of six men.In cod of gang rape incidents recently in Gurgaon legal philosophy tells women Dont work after 8pm De composey Commissioner P. C. Meena has issued many Dos and Donts to women to avoid eve-teasing and molestation. What tops his list is the criteria that women should non be out in the earth after 8 PM. As per to his orders, now shopping mall and pub own ers and those running shops and commercial establishments obtain been asked to non to keep women employees on responsibleness beyond 8 in the evening. If women employees are detained on transaction after that, it should be with the permission of the Labour department.Instead of implementing stringent laws to curb the few rapists out there, the Gurgaon constabulary decided to uproot all the women from their work federal agencys by 8o clock in the evening. This curfew distinctly reflects the authoritys attitude towards women. There is an obvious attempt to restrain womens freedom, but unconnected from that legitimizing 8 PM as the standard time for women to be out of the public areas has rather gravel them in more danger. Instead of ensuring for estimablety for women, the Gurgaon police have imposed limitations on them.He utter women employee are deputed on duty during the night transplant, that is, after 8PM, her safe transportation from her home to im soulate of duty an d vice versa will be the responsibility of the employer who will have to keep a daily accede of the vehicle used, its registration number, time of departure, name of driver who is entrusted the task of picking up or falling the women employees.Meena made it worse by stating that if these instructions were not followed, then case will be registered against the pub and mall owner as well.What the Gurgaon police seems to have did is giving a free pass to the rapists to do their thing post 8 in the night. Any woman now who is out after the authorized curfew of 8 would do nothing but invite men to sexually harass her. The police forces have shed their responsibilities of making Gurgaon safer by playing the classic card of holding the women responsible for being raped. Who are responsible for all thisOur monastic order is deeply gendered Apart from physical abuses, psychological violence against women in the form of social insults, coercion in family, eve teasing in streets and public transports on daily foot is not less humiliating, On the reason behind such violence against women, he says that violent mien against women does not erupt all of a sudden. Men and women undergo different process of socialization. Men live with up gendered roles that by themselves involve domination and control, where as women are assigned roles that involve submission.Moreover, women are represent as an inferior sex which is the reason why many go for female infanticide, rape, molestation.IN rape cases, where the dupe does not come out and report due to fear of humiliation, social stigma etc. laws not strong enoughOne can ask that why such incidental are taking place? Doesnt the govt have enough laws to stop such atrocities? Isnt the society is not mature enough to mess with such things. Combined with a judicial system on the point of collapse, where cases routinely entertain age to be processed, and an almost total lack of modern forensic capability on the part of investig ators, it is gentle to see why the stringent rape laws are not a major deterrent. disposal inescapably to contemplate devising three-prong indemnity. Drastic change in our legal system, strengthening law enforcement agencies to deliver speedy results have to be backed by social reforms and investment in social sector. he march on added.Our Policing One main reason behind the crime against women in NCR is Lack of Police force play. We dont have sufficient police personnel to tackle the criminals. About Half number of police personnel are deputed in the service of our minister. The other reason is the come backing of our police, A great number of policemen regard that what a woman wears is one of the reasons for rape. They say do rapes really happen? Many policemen are not even sure. Recognition of a crime as heinous as rape is something the police in the NCR do not appear to have come to terms with. Some of the Statement of our Policemen which shows their thinking. .Many cops think that it is ok to judge the victim of rape and blame them rather than dealing with the crime.But, what about the numerous 2 year olds who are raped? what about the young school girls who are raped? what did THEY do to pass on it on themselves? So its time the police wake up and make public spaces safe for women.Ways to reduce Crime Against Women Changing the outlook of the society is the best way. But it is a very long process. For immediate results girls have to believe that they are still living in a very conservative society. The place where they are living or their friend circle is not their society. One has to picture the whole area / city where they are moving to reach their off/ college as a society and then judge it. Girls should act accordingly. I do believe that precaution is always better than cure. women should take as a lot precautions as they can specially when they are moving alone using a public transport or a two wheeler.Following steps Should be taken 1. P olice and Government Sensitivity State agencies should stop blaming the victim and shift the responsibility onto the state agencies mandated to protect womens rights. They should refrain at all times from making any gender-insensitive statements and character assault of women. Strict actions should be taken against such statements be made in the public sphere. We demand respect and dignity of all women.2. Monitoring CCTVs in rape prone areas in Delhi, Noida and Gurgaon. CCTV Should also be installed in parking, the place from where the women employees boarded the vehicle, there so that it can be ascertained that the woman was not lifted forcibly.3. Increase in deployment of police Immediate and sustainable preventive mechanisms should be designed and adopted in the National Capital Territory Region, which can act as a deterrent to future such incidents. This should also include, change magnitude the frequency of the patrolling of the PCR vans and increased traffic vigilance in all areas4. inner assault prevention and redressal policy The Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for sexual assault cases should be drafted with immediate effect and ensure that support from applicable other service providers (government non-government) be effectively implemented in every case thereon. The SOPs should also ensure strict adherence for procedures to be followed and address any violations with strict actions thereon. Immediate actions against relevant police personnel on dereliction of duty should be made mandatory. Fast Track Courts on cases of Sexual Assault for immediate redressal and effective justice delivery to be ensured.5. Womens help lines Emergency add up like 1901 should be monitored by women which makes it easier for the victim to explain her problem/situation. Victims privacy should be respected. These numbers should be advertised through posters and billboards in all three cities.6. Workplace safety The Government must ensure procedures for accountabili ty in all workplace to follow strict safety mechanism. 7. consciousness The state needs to campaign against sexual harassment public messaging on womens rights, shift male perspective of women, display hotlines and safety procedures all over the city.8. Girls should Avoid Dangerous Situations * Be aware of surroundings. Knowing where you are and who is around you may help you to find a way to get out of a bad situation. * Try to avoid isolated areas. It is more difficult to get help if no one is around. * Walk with purpose. Even if you dont know where you are going, act like you do. * arrogance your instincts. If a situation or location feels unsafe or uncomfortable, it probably isnt the best place to be. * Make sure your cell phone is with you and charged and that you have cab money. * Try to think of an hightail it route. How would you try to get out of the room? Where are the doors? Windows? Are there people around who king be able to help you? Is there an emergency phone n earby? * If you and/or the other person have been drinking, you can say that you would rather wait until you both have your full judgment forrader doing anything you may regret later.Conclusion The city being one of the most important metros of India should have been much secured for its citizens. However the main causes behind the increased crime rate in Delhi/NCR are the lack of sentiency of its residents, careless approach of Delhi Police and indifference of Delhi chief minister who is herself a lady. Delhi police can put an end on the crime incidents by responding more promptly and sensibly to each and every case reported at the police stations. Also political intervention in criminal incidents should be rigorously cut off to ensure the citys safety and security.

History of the Democratic Party Essay Example for Free

History of the Democratic company EssayThe Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States. When this companionship makes political decisions, the Democratic Party fol upseted a very liberal viewpoint. The Democratic Party is one of the oldest ordained political parties in the world and it is the oldest official political party in the United States. In 1792, doubting Thomas Jefferson started the Democratic Party to oppose the Federalist Party to fight for the Bill of Rights. The Democratic Party was called the party of the normal man. It was probably called this because it supported the normal citizens, like farmers and middle class people. Thomas Jefferson was elected as the inaugural president from the Democratic Party in 1800. Jefferson served as president for two terms for the Democratic Party. following(a) this, in 1848, the Democratic National committal was formed by the National Convention. The Democratic National Committee exists, mak ing it the longest standing political organization ever.The Democratic Party is recognized with serving the set down and middle classes by funding government programs such as Welfare and free or low cost medical insurance. This is an opposite belief of the Republican Party who believes in that no one should portray a tax increase, especially the rich. Democratic parties typically rule large states such as forward-looking York and California. Since these are two states with a high number of electoral votes, the Democratic Party has an advantage in presidential elections, although despite that support, there have still been many Republican presidents voted into office.

Visual Imagery and Metaphorical Thinking Essay Example for Free

Visual resource and Metaphorical Thinking EssayReferencesNavaneedhan, Cittoor Girija broody Teaching-Learning Process of Integrating Metaphorical Thinking and Visual Imagery, daybook of Behavioral and Brain Science, No. 2, 2012, pp. 407-410, doi10.4236/jbbs.2012.23047AbstractReflective program line-learning process= self valuation proficiency= promoting motivation Metaphorical cerebration= natural process of human mind by findind similarity among two different universes of meaning Visual imagery= natural process in which human psyche associates text material with structures in ones own minds eye substructureReflective teaching methodology= constructivist approachThe learners construct new knowledge from their experiences related to the mental underframe work that already exists in their mind (Jean Piaget 1967)The teacher should foster this process integrating metaphorical thinking and visual imagery takesEmphasy on an active and cooperative learning, connection in the mids t of theory and practise apiece teacher has his/her own experiences, beliefs, knowledge and values which determine the way a teacher teachesD. Schon suggested that reflective teaching practice is a continuous process. It involves learner thoughtfully considering ones own experience in applying knowledge to practice while being taught by professionalsIt helps to develop the individuals personalitySelf Inquiry Reflective Teaching ModelThe main aim is to frame learning objectives of a selected topic based onBenjamin Blooms Learning Taxonomy (1956) 1) knowledge 2) understanding 3) application 4) analysis 5) synthesis and 6) evaluation or creating /Users/saraiacozza/Desktop/cartella senza titolo/reflective teaching-learning process.pdf figure 1. Metaphorical thinking= a direct comparison between two unrelated things. Metaphors can create strong linksMetaphorical thinking should be co-ordinated into teaching methodology

Pit Bulls Essay Example for Free

match pig beds EssayAmeri pile societies famous bully get overs is uniformwise often stereotyped as malicious animals, but that stereotype is false due to evidence that enclosed space bulls can be just as loving as the iconic golden retriever. According to the American Temperament Test, which is a test that focuses on and measures different aspects of temperament such as stability, shyness, aggressiveness, friendliness and self-preservation in the face of a threat shows that tag Bulls beat a temperament of 86.8%, (American Temperament Test Society) a much higher percentage than other breeds which justifies that these animals can withstand a higher tolerance of aggressiveness. If this is the case, why atomic number 18 tick off Bulls iodine of the most discriminated pass over breeds in todays society? collectible to irresponsible owners, gibe Bulls have been labeled cruel and violent animals, leading people to be scare for themselves, their children, and their court s. By experience and owning a mark off bull for oneself, people would begin to understand some involvement entirely different. label Bulls are a misunderstood breed they are one of the most loving and loyal breeds that deserves a fair chance just like every other dog would, but because of irresponsible owners, and their neglectfulness toward teaching their tick bulls the accountability mannerisms this may never happen. The study of the cope with Bull has taken a dramatic downfall in the past few decades due to negative customaryity. Originally, Pit Bulls were considered to be American darlings during WWI they were claimed to be the sweetest and most loving dogs a person could own, but in the 1980s the view of the American darlings changed due to an hot sport, dogfighting.Although dogfighting is illegal in all fifty states, inhumane persons who participate in the sport choose pit bulls because of their strong physique and loyal personality, which contribute to the stereotype of all pit bulls being violent due to the earth only viewing them as fighters. A famous moral of this is the widely known scandal around NFL player Michael Vick, who was convicted of running Pit bull fighting kennels in Smithfield, VA. The outcome of this case brought on more discrimination toward Pit bulls in general.Although Pit Bulls were viewed badly, people exempt used them as the preferred guard dog not only for the bad as in drug houses and gang members, but also as one would get both dog, to use them as protection for their property. In 1987 an incident regarding a Pit Bull and a two-year-old sent red flags up for this prestigious breed. A pit bull that was under the care of an irresponsible owner had the dog guarding an illegal marijuana crop, in California, when a two-year-old boy who was unsupervised was wandering around and fell victim to the pit bull.This attack was immediately publicized because of the pit bull being involved as the main concern, which do the rep utation of Pit Bulls sink even lower. People began to think that Pit Bulls were heartless killers, due to the mis-training of their owners. The public was misinformed they did not know that the child was wandering around unsupervised in an enclosed area. This situation would score a threat to any guard dog, not just a Pit Bull, and the outcome would have been the same. Because of that horrible mistake, the Pit Bull was killed. In a situation like this, it is in no course the Pit Bulls fault he was merely doing his job.Rather, it is the owners fault for not clearly training him and the parents fault for being careless with their child. This was brought to the courts attention and soon thoughts of a ban against Pit bulls were raise. The public was outraged by this attack and proposed a ban on Pit bulls. This ban was granted throughout 39 or more cities and states without the consent of any animal professionals or the owners of this breed. These bans lead to the death of many innoce nt Pit Bulls in many areas. Many Cities reportedly fatigued over two hundred and fifty thousand dollars in rounding up and kill these animals.Devastated owners had their animals confiscated and killed without warning. In Tijeras, New Mexico, the ban was so strictly enforced that animal control officers were allowed to kill any Pit Bull seen on sight without compensation to the owner. Due to their misunderstood reputation, people made rash decisions that touch the becomes of many loving Pit Bulls that never stood a chance. They have even become a indebtedness due to their overly violent personalities and because of this have been banned from many areas in the United States. One thing that frightens people the most is a Pit Bulls jaw.While they do have one of the strongest jaws, it is not the strongest. Dr. I. Lerh Brisbin, of the University of Georgia, states, The few studies, which have been conducted of the structure of the skulls, mandibles and teeth of Pit Bulls show, that, i n proportion to their size, their jaw structure and thus its inferred operable morphology, is no different than that of any other breed of dog. There is absolutely not evidence for the existence of any kind of locking mechanism unique to the structure of the jaw and/or teeth of the American Pit Bull Terrier. There is no evidence to prove that Pit Bulls have unique jaws or any lethal lockjaw. The lockjaw method is learned through training, it is not a special killing tool, and once again the owner creates this issue for the breed. Pit Bulls are not the only kind of dog to be able to do this most breeds can. The difference is people are already scared of Pit Bulls, so they continue to publicize it much more than the other breeds. Christina Berry, writer for The Lazy Pit Bull states, Pit Bulls are the most discriminated dog in the US.This is in part because there are so many myths surrounding them, which dresss some people believe theyre not suitable for adoption. This is not true. A reclaimed Pit Bull can clear up a wonderful companion. Once people realize this, thusly Pit Bull adoption rates entrust rise and they can be put into thoroughly homes. These animals need someone that will take care of them and love them. That is all that is required for a contented dog and no accidents will be encountered. If these animals were provided the rights training and proper care than there would not be any worry about owning one of these animals.There are many precautions that have to be taken when owning these animals. Such as proper housing and fencing, this contributes to a steady-going environment where these animals can roam and live without the disturbance of others. Also a calm and secluded area where no one can be around or taunt the animal in its own territory. When these animals are out in the public they should be constantly under supervision, this will allow you to know what the animal is doing at all cadence and give the proper amount of time to reac t if the Pit Bull feels threatened.Throughout the awful generation many people continue to stand by Pit Bulls, these people are the ones that have experienced owning this loving creature and understand that the bad reputation Pit Bulls have is merely a misconception. I believe that Pit Bulls are the greatest breed a family could have. I have had fourteen Pit Bulls and each one was very special to me. They are very playful, confident, strong, humorous, loving, but most of all loyal. They will do anything for their owners. They are just like any other dog, but unfortunately they are not seen the same.Not one of my Pit Bulls ever harmed or attacked any other animal or human. They ceaselessly proved themselves to being the sweetest animals that many have had the great fortune to meet. What normal, other dogs can do, like alternate on somebody or behave like a dog, a Pit Bull can do that and be deemed dangerous, (Kingsbury) Unless people start taking the time to get to know the extrao rdinary breed that Pit Bulls are, they will never be able to understand their true personality or dish out them. Pit Bulls need to stop being looked at as monsters and killing machines, they are just like any other dog.They are loving, trusting, loyal, and fun. Pit Bulls are a wonderful versatile breed and are used for many different purposes Fighting is not the only thing they excel at. They are a breed always focused and determined to please its owner, thus if we start using them for the right purposes these dogs make wonderful therapy, guide, rescue, service, weight pulling, but most of all companion dogs. Pit Bulls love people. Although this breed much gets a bad rap in the media, if you have ever met a Pit Bull that was raised by a loving, conscientious family then you will understand how much they like to be with people. all in all they need is the right kind of guidance, and owner. Pit Bulls are just like any other pet that one takes into their home, these dogs are wrongly named and deceived for the acts they are trained by their owners to do. JRL Solutions states, It is in actuality the humans who continue to make a series of hasty or ignorant mistakes that are helping to perpetuate the bad reputation this breed has gained over the last decade. If a law should pass against these dogs, it should be the law to mandate the right methods of training.To punish these dogs and classify them as malicious or dangerous is a hypocritical judgment as any dog, small, medium, or large could be classified into these categories. After much research and experience as I have had my fair share in taking responsibility and care of this precious breed, it is safe to say that society should rethink their opinions and misconceptions of these dogs. It is proven that they were the American darlings of our time, they have the tolerance to withstand aggressiveness, and they are one of the most loyal companions any man could ask for.

The Importance of the Opening in Enduring Love Essay Example for Free

The Importance of the Opening in support Love EssayThe opening of a piece of literature is very important as it is accountable for creating the interest and anticipation that will drive the reader to carry on and enjoy it. Readers expect openings to involve a couple of key areas like the setting, the introduction of characters and interest through with(predicate) and through a form of secret or tension. Ian McEwans Enduring Love both conforms and challenges what a reader would expect of an opening through opening on what seems to be a climactic point of the book. Opening with the balloon incident directly creates tension. McEwans choice of opening sentence is particularly effective. the beginning is simple to mark firstly because this foreshadows that the force will be colossus, and that the reader is the lucky one how gets to discover what happens.And secondly that starting a humbug with the beginning links quite potently to religious belief and creates this biblical tone right from the start. This is interesting because religion is what Joe seems to disagree with seeing as he is very scientific and this choice of wording seems to ominously put forward a link between Joe and Jed and in fact how similar they are. The opening also introduces the narrative translator in enduring love which is particularly important because the story is told through the first person ex post facto narrative of Joe rose. This causes the reader to form a sense of reliability and truth as is required as the story is told through only one persons experience.The inclusion of words like internal ear implies that confusion and complication are a part of the story and causes the reader to rely even much on the narrate voice of Joe. The reference to various senses heightens verisimilitude as every detail felt through the senses of the character is described. As the cool neck and the black foil touched my hand. Furthermore including such(prenominal) fine details creates a n early sense of reliability in the narrative voice.There are legion(predicate) references to the wind in the opening which is involved with the tranquil setting but stands out as strong gusty wind suggests danger and creates tension. There is also the personification of the wind the wind roared linking the wind to animalistic foreshadows that it will be a danger. The image of the buzzard is also significant as it creates a filmic opinion on the event, like the buzzard is the omniscient creature that observes the already highly anticipated event. The buzzards image of being all-seeing and free can be linked to the image of God and once over again further to Jed.

Software Reuse Essay Example for Free

Softwargon use EssayAbstractEffective use of softw be products is describely increasing productiveness, saving clock, and reducing cost of softw ar evolution. Historically, parcel product package reprocess focused on repackaging and reapplying of grave modules, data organises or unblemished applications in the untried packet understands (Prieto-Diaz 1994). Recently, however, it has been acknowledgedas beneficial to redeploy computer packet components crossways the entire victimisation life-cycle, starting with field of operation manikin and occupyments stipulation, through softwargon design, coding and testing, to maintenance and operation. at that place were oerly attempts to utilize aspects of project musical arrangement and methodology, emergence processes, and communication structures. However, as the concept of reusing software components is really clear at the engrave take (whether in source or binary form), the very homogeneous concept becomes much fuzzy and difficult to grasp when discussed in the context of reusing preconditions and designs (whether in textual or diagrammatical form), or quite incomprehensible when applied to software in ceremonious requirements, domain knowledge or human skills and expertise (expressed in natural language, knowledge representation formalism, or existing only in humans). This problem of dealing with reus equal to(p) software artefacts resulting from the earliest stages of software buildment, in particular requirements specifications, attracted our particular pastime in the reusability technology.Our work is motivated primarily by the possibility of improving the process of requirements elicitation by methodical apply of software specifications and their components with the aid of reading extracted from user informal requirements documents. The problems and issues that we occupy to investigate in this re face are best illustrated by the following statement divulgelinin g current needs and the goals for the prospective research in requirements use More research is needed on the advantages and the necessary methods for requirements reprocess. For example, what are requirements components, what makes them useful, how spate we stack away and retrieve them, and how do we write a requirements specification that gives us the highest probability of creating or reusing existing requirements components? (Hsia, Davis et al. 1993).DefinitionsTo call in the issues advanced by Hsia, Davis and Kung, and to avoid both confusion farther in this constitution, we need to cl earlier set some major concepts of software utilise, reusability, recyclable artefacts, their possible forms, reusability methods, their major motivators and inhibitors, and so ontera Hence, we adopt our comments from Prieto-Diaz (Prieto-Diaz 1989) as follows - reprocess is the use of previously acquired concepts or objects in a new situation, it involves encode victimization in formation at varied take aims of raiseion, storing this representation for future reference, alludeing of new and old situations, duplication of already developed objects and actions, and their version to suit new requirements reuse is the use of previously acquired concepts or objects in a new situation, it involves encoding ripening information at different levels of goldbrickion, storing his representation for future reference, matching of new and old situations, duplication of already developed objects and actions, and their adaptation to suit new requirements reusability is a measure of the ease with which one rout out use those previous concepts or objects in the new situations. use ArtefactsThe object of reusability, useful artefact , green goddess be any information which a developer may need in the process of creating software (Freeman 1983), this includes any of the following software components - code fragments, which come in a form of source code, PDL, or vers atile charts logical schedule structures , such as modules, interfaces, or data structures functional structures , e.g. specifications of functions and their collections domain knowledge , i.e. scientific laws, models of knowledge domains knowledge of development process , in a form of life-cycle models environment-level information, e.g. experiential data or users feedback artefact transformation during development process (Basili 1990) etc.A controlled collection of reuse artefacts constitutes a reuse library. much(prenominal) libraries must contain non only useful components but are as well pass judgment to go forth certain types of services to their users (Wegner 1989), e.g. storage, distinct, inspecting and retrieval of artefacts from different application domains, and of varying granularity and abstraction, loading, linking and invoking of stored artefacts, specifying artefact relationships, etc. The major problems in the utilisation of such reuse libraries are in det ermining appropriate artefact assortment schemes and in the picking of methods to effectively and efficiently search the library.To bypass the problems with reuse libraries, the use of specialized domain-specific languages was proposed as an alternative. much(prenominal) languages use strict syntax and semantics defined in monetary value of an application domain and its reusable artefacts. While enforcing notational conformance with a predetermined syntax and semantics, the domain-specific languages restrict the number of possible salmagundi and search mechanisms used in the process of composing a problem solution, e.g. as in tartar (Neighbors 1989) or GIST (Feather 1989).Artefact CharacteristicsCertain classes of software artefacts have been identified as eminently able to become part of a reuse library and be, accompanyingly, utilised as reusable software resources. Such artefacts usually share a number of characteristics, deemed to actively promote reusability (Biggersta ff and Richter 1989 Matsumoto 1989 McClure 1989), those artefact are perceived to be - expressive, i.e. they are of general utility and of adequate level of abstraction, so that they could be used in many a(prenominal) different contexts, and be applicable to salmagundi of problem areas definite, i.e. they are constructed and documented with a clarity of purpose, their capabilities and dividing lineations are easily identifiable, interfaces, required resources, external dependencies and operational environments are specified, and all other requirements are plain and come up defined transferable , i.e. it is possible to easily transfer an artefact to a different environment or problem domain, this usually message that it is self-contained, with a couple of(prenominal) dependencies on experienceation- link concepts, it is abstract and sound parametrised additive, i.e. it should be possible to seam littlely accumulate existing artefacts into new products or other reusable comp onents, without the need for massive software modifications or causation adverse post effects formal , reusable artefacts should, at least at some level of abstraction, be described using a formal or semi-formal notation, such an approach provides means to formally verify an artefact correctness, it enables to predict violation of integrity constraints during artefact composition, or to assess the level of completeness for a product constructed of reusable parts machine representable, those of the artefacts which tail end be described in terms of computationally determined attribute values, which can easily be decomposed into machine representable parts, which can be accessed, analysed, manipulated and possibly modified by computer-based processes, have a clear potential for becoming part of a flexible reuse library those artefacts can be easily searched for, retrieved, interpreted, altered and in the end integrated into larger system self-contained , reusable artefacts which e mbody a single idea are easier to to a lower placestand, they have slight dependencies on external factors, whether environmental or implementational, they have interfaces which are simple to use, they are easier to extend, adapt and go for language independent, no implementation language details should be engraft in reusable artefacts, this alike means that most useable artefacts are those which are described in terms of a specification or design formalism, or those low level solutions which could be used from variety of programming languages on a given implementation platform, either by appropriate macro processors or link editors able to represent data and procedures , i.e. reusable artefacts should be able to encapsulate both their data structures and logic, down to a fine grain of detail, such an approach increases artefact cohesion and reduces the possibility of artefact coupling by habitual data passed via arguments or global variables verifiable , as any other softwar e components, reusable artefacts should be easy to test by their maintainers, and, what is even of a greater importance, by their users who embed reusable components into their own systems, and who must have the capability to monitor the components computational context and their interfaces simple , minimum and explicit artefact interfaces provide encourage developers to use artefacts, simple and easy to understand artefacts can also be easily modified by developers to suit new applications and easily changeable, certain type of problems willing require artefacts to be adopted to the new specifications, such changes should be localised to the artefact and require minimum of side effects.Reuse in packet Life-CycleComputer software can be systematically reused across the entire development life-cycle, i.e. domain analysis, requirements specification, design and implementation, it has its place even in the post-delivery stages of development, e.g. its continuing bore assessment or software maintenance.Implementation. Early experience with software reuse was limited to reuse of program code in source and binary form. A great emphasis was put on development of programming languages which could check various methods of clustering, packaging, modularisation, parametrisation and sharing of data and code via data types and code blocks (ALGOL), named common blocks (FORTRAN), parametric functions and macros (FORTRAN and LISP), copy libraries (COBOL), information hiding (PASCAL), modules (SIMULA and MODULA), generic packages (ADA), objects and classes (SMALLTALK and C++), etc.The idea of code sharing was further back up by various operating system utilities which waiveed independent program compilation, creation of relocatable libraries or link editing (Reed 1983). In those primeval days, no serious effort on a commercial scale was undertaken to reuse the early life-cycle artefacts, i.e. designs, specifications, requirements or enterprise models. This situation w as caused by - the lack of awareness of potential benefits that could be gained from reusing more abstract software artefacts unavailability of commercial methodologies embracing software reuse at their centre-point informal nature of early specification and design documents and shortage of tools equal to represent specifications and designs in a computer-processable form. At the same time, the tress of libraries was known to improve software development productivity, and was practiced in nearly every commercial organisation program code was written according to a formal grammar and it adhered to established semantic rules and the construction of code libraries was supported by editors, compilers, loaders and linkers, which could be freely customised to apply various reuse tasks.Design. Todays development approaches, such as object-oriented methods (Graham 1994) or rapid application development (Martin 1991), vigorously advocate reusing software artefacts at the earliest possi ble stage of the software life-cycle. Program design methods are now capable of utilising clear(p) diagrammatic notations, which allow production of documents which are simpler and more legible than code, which clearly exhibit their conceptual contents, which are well structured and modular, and which allow dealing with problem heterogeneousity at various levels of abstraction and granularity. With the orgasm of CASE tools (McClure 1989) the contemporary design techniques are also supported by specialised software environments capable of capturing design ideas in a form leaning towards further processing by computer-based reuse tools. Today, it is also commonly perceived that reuse of software designs, as opposed to code reuse, is more economic, and cognitively a much more intuitive process.Requirements Specification. While application of reuse techniques to software design has visible advantages over code reuse, some researchers (Matsumoto 1989) claim further increases in the sc ope of software reusability when given opportunity to reuse modules at high levels of abstraction, i.e. software specifications and requirements. Others support this claim, voicing the need to reuse large-scale artefacts going beyond design components and including entire design frameworks and domain resources (Li 1993). Bubenko et. al. (Bubenko, Rolland et al. 1994) further propose to combine design and reuse libraries to accommodate development processes capable of reusing conceptual schemas to support the process of requirements engineering.Such an approach provides users with the library of reusable components that could match their requirements, improves the quality of requirements specifications by making available well-defined conceptual components as early as requirements specification, and improves the productivity of the requirements engineering process by shortening the requirements formalisation effort (Castano and De Antonellis 1994). In the REBOOT system, Morel and Fa get (Morel and Faget 1993) aim at extending this approach to the entire software life-cycle. Such advances in requirements and specification reuse were in part facilitated by - Development of the new types of programming languages, such as PROLOG or EIFFEL, which combine elements of program specification and design (via logic and class specification) at the level of code, such an approach promotes interpretation and reuse of abstract program descriptions throughout the life-cycle dissemination of prototyping tools and visual programming environments capable of graphic representation of user requirements and the subsequent generation of code or code skeletons (Vonk 1989 Ambler and Burnett 1990), facilitating effective composition of programs of domain-specific, visual, reuse components substructure of formal requirements and specification languages, such as RML (Greenspan, Mylopoulos et al. 1994), Z (Spivey 1989), VDM (Woodman and Heal 1993) or LARCH (Guttag and Horning 1993), permi tting representation, structuring, verification, and reuse of specification components object-oriented technologies compound various diagrammatic techniques into a single methodology, e.g. Information Engineering (Martin 1993), or unifying elements of conceptual modelling, program specification and design into one consistent notation, e.g. Object-Oriented Conceptual Modelling (Dillon and Tan 1993), such object-oriented development methods allow creation of abstract conceptual schemata which can be readily adapted by instantiation and inheritance to new problem solutions development of full-text databases utilising efficient information retrieval methods (Salton 1989), universe enrolld as a repository for storing, classification and subsequent retrieval of design and specification texts (Frakes and Nejmeh 1988 Maarek, Berry et al. 1991 Fugini and Faustle 1993) and finally application of knowledge-based techniques and intelligent software development assistants in requirements acq uisition and specification (Lowry and Duran 1989)Domain digest. The final frontier for software reuse in the development life-cycle is a thorough analysis of a given problem domain. This approach is grounded on the belief that in a real-life situation reusability is not a universal property of program code or affect information but it kinda depends on a context of the problem and its solution, which themselves are relatively sticky and stable (Arango and Prieto-Diaz 1991).The main aim of domain analysis is the construction of a domain model of which components could be reused in solving variety of problems. Such a model will customarily include definition of concepts used in the specification of problems and software systems, definition of typical design decisions, alternatives, trade-offs and justifications, and software implementation plans. Such a model may take variety of different forms, to include (cf. Figure 1) - definitional model, which provides knowledge taxonomies and actonomies describing domain concepts, their structure, semantics, and relationships between them knowledge representation model, giving domain semantics and explanation facilities domain-specific languages , which when expressed as formal grammars and supported by parsers may provide direct translation of specifications into executable code instructional models , indicating the methods of constructing working systems in a given domain, such methods may be described by standards, guidelines, templates, or interface definitions functional models, describing how systems work, using representations such as data flow diagrams or program description languages structural models, provide means to define architecture of domain systems etc.In the process of constructing a domain model, the common knowledge from related systems is generalised, objects and operations common to all systems in a given domain are identified, and a model is defined to describe their inter-relationships. The main problem with this process is that knowledge sources for domain modelling (as found in technical literature, existing implementations, customer surveys, expert advice or current and future requirements) are frequently verbose and informal. Thus, special techniques and tools are needed to deal with it, e.g. knowledge acquisition tools, entity-relationship modelling tools, object-oriented methods, semantic clustering tools, CASE and parsing tools (Agresti and McGarry 1988).Reuse procedure. In this work, we will view the process of software reuse as comprising three stages of artefact processing (cf. Figure 2), i.e. their analysis, organisation and synthesis. Artefact analysis starts with identification of artefacts in existing software products (Ning, Engberts et al. 1994) or in a currently analysed domain (Arango and Prieto-Diaz 1991), this is followed by their understanding and representation in a suitable formalism to reflect their function and semantics, with possible generalisat ion to widen the scope of their future applications. Artefact organisation includes classification and storage of artefacts in an appropriate software repository, the subsequent repository search and artefacts retrieval whenever they are needed in the reuse process. Artefact synthesis consists of artefact selection from a number of retrieved candidate artefacts, their adaptation to suit the new application, and their integration into a completely new software product.The tasks undertaken in the three stages of artefact processing are also frequently discussed from the perspective of development-for-reuse and development-by-reuse (Bubenko, Rolland et al. 1994). Development-for-reuse is emphasising the construction of the reuse library, involving the identification, understanding , generalisation , and the subsequent classification and storage of artefacts for later reuse. Development-by-reuse is attentioned with the effective utilisation of the reuse library to support new software development, it involves searching, retrieval , selection , adaptation, and integration of artefacts into the software system under construction.As reuse is quite independent of any particular development process model, it, thus, could be embedded into a variety of methodologies, to include waterfall model (Hall and Boldyreff 1991), rapid prototyping (Martin 1991), object-oriented design (Meyer 1987),etc. While the inclusion of reuse into a development cycle is of a meaningful benefit to the entire process, at the same time it may complicate the development process (e.g. see Figure 3). Also, reuse tasks may significantly crossroad with those performed in other development phases, e.g. software integration or maintenance. The separation of concerns lead some researchers (Hall and Boldyreff 1991) into pointing out that reuse must occur across different projects or problem areas, as opposed to those tasks which aim at the change, improvement or refinement of software undertaken withi n a single project which should not be regarded as reuse, e.g. software porting , which only aims at adopting existing software product to different computer hardware or operating system environments software maintenance , which strives to correct software erroneous behaviour or to alter the existing program to suit changing requirements and software reconfiguration, which provides a method of customising software to be used with different hardware components or making only a subset of its facilities available to the user.Assessing the Reuse Process and its GoalsThe value of software reuse cannot be gauged in simple, unambiguous, congruous and canonical fashion. One of the reasons for this difficulty lies in the fact that there is a variety of reusable artefact types and the methods and techniques for their creation, manipulation and maintenance. Another reason can be set in inadequacy of measuring stick tools to assess the reuse benefit or its hindrance, as it can be measured usin g variety of incompatible metrics, some of which are based on economic, some on technical, then again others on social or cognitive principles. ultimately, it is the numerous software stakeholders who are not likely to agree on the common goals of the reuse process itself, as they will all have distinct and opposing development goals. The contention on thee victor or chastening of reuse approaches is best reflected in the myths, biases and preconceptions of software developers and wariness, this section will, thus, summarise such opinions as they are reported in the software engineering literature.Reuse benefits. Adopting reuse-based software development process attracts a number of well recognised economic and psychological benefits to both the end-users and developers (Tracz 1988b Hemmann 1992).These include the following. Savings in costs and time. As a developer uses already pre-defined components, hence, the activities associated with components specification, design and imp lementation are now replaced with finding components, their adaptation to suit new requirements, and their integration. live on leavens (also from other fields, like electronic engineering) that the latter set of activities takes less times and therefore costs less. It should be noted, though, that development of components for reuse will certainly attract additional effort, time and cost. This costs, however, can be runner by savings in a number of different software projects. Increase in productivity. A set of reusable artefacts can frequently be viewed as a high-ranking language of concepts wasted from a given problem domain. Hence, a developer is given an opportunity to work with more abstract notions related directly to the problem at hand and to ignore low-level, implementation details. It has been shown that working at a higher level of abstraction leads to an increase in development productivity. Increase in reliability. Reuse library can be viewed as a software produc t itself, therefore, its development follows a normal cycle of requirements specification, design, implementation, testing, backing and maintenance. By the very assumption, the user base and a life-span of reuse artefacts is much greater than that of any separate product, thus, the reliability of such artefact is also increased. This also leads to an improved reliability of systems built of reusable components rather than of those built entirely from scratch. Increase in ease of maintenance. Systems constructed of reusable parts are usually simpler, smaller, and more abstract. Their design is closer to the problem domain and their reliability is greater. This of course has an very positive impact on the quality of such systems maintenance. Improvement in documentation and testing. Reusable components are usually accompanied by high quality documentation and by previously developed tests plans and cases. Whenever a new system is created by simple selection and altering of such com ponents, then, their documentation and tests will have to be much easier to develop as well. High speed and low cost replacement of aging systems. As the reuse-based systems share a very large collection of program logic via the reuse library, thus, they are significantly less complex and much smaller in size than those developed from scratch. Such systems will therefore need less effort during porting or adaptation to new hardware and software environments. It should also be noted that it would normally be the reusable components of the system that is technology intensive, and thus, very expensive to develop, e.g. graphical user interfaces, databases, communications, device control, etc. Sharing that cost across several systems would certainly reduce it when a global replacement of computer science resources is called for.Reuse drawbacks. At the same time, in practice, radical gains in productivity and quality cannot be achieved collect to some preconceptions held by developers a nd their management (Tracz 1988b Hemmann 1992). The claims commonly put forward by programmers include - reusing code, as compared with development of entirely new systems, is boring locally developed code is better than that developed elsewhere (NIH factor) it is easier to write complex programs from scratch rather than to maintain it there are no tools to assist programmers in finding reusable artefacts in legal age of cases, developed programs are too specialised for reuse adopted software development methodology does not support software reuse reuse is often ad-hoc and is unplanned there is no formal preparation in reusing code and designs effectively useful reusable artefacts are not supported on the preferred development platform the reuse process is too slow interfaces of reusable artefacts are too awkward to use code with reusable components is often too big or too inefficient programs built of reusable components are not readily transportable reusable components do not c onform to adopted standards reuse techniques do not scale up to large software projects there are no incentives to reuse software.Meanwhile, management also raises objections based on the following arguments - it takes too much effort and time to introduce reuse in workplace perceived productivity gains will result in cuts to the project man-power customers may expect reusable artefacts to be delivered with their product it may be difficult to prevent plagiarism of reusable artefacts reuse of code may lead to legal debt instrument in case of software misfortune the cost of maintaining reusable libraries is prohibitive management is not apt in software development methods with reuse there is no coordination between software project partners to introduce reuse.Such problems of perception often result from irrational, nevertheless, deeply rooted myths about reusability and the reuse process. A selection of such myths (cf. Table 1) were reported and subsequently demistified by Tracz (1988a).Reuse motivators. While the common prejudice, miconceptions and outright myths among developers and management prevent companies to effectively introduce reuse into their mainstream development, Frakes and Fox (1995) show in their survey that only few factors listed above have any real impact on the success or failure of software reuse, i.e. the type of application domain althought the reasons for this phenomenon are not known, it seems that certain types of industries show significantly higher levels of reuse (e.g. telecommunication companies) in certain areas of the life-cycle than others (e.g. aerospace industries) perceived economic feasibility in those organisations where management convinced its software developers that reuse is desirable and economically viable had a much higher success in the introduction of reuse into those organisations high quality and functional relevance of reuse assets increases the likelihood of the assets to be reused common software proces s although developers themselves do not regard a common software process as promoting reuse, there is a strong correlation between the gains in the process maturity and the gains in the level of software reuse and finally, reuse education education about reuse, both in school and at work, improves reuse and is a necessary part of a reuse program, however, since the issues of software reuse are rarely discussed in the academic curriculum, it is necessary for management to bear the responsibility to provide reuse-specific training to its employees.The same study also showed that other factors, widely perceived as reuse motivators or inhibitors, have only a stripped-down effect on the reuse process, e.g. use of specific programming languages and paradigms it is often perceived that structured, modular, object-oriented, or high-level languages improve the prospects of sure-fire software reuse, the collected statistics, however, show no such correlation utilisation of software suppo rt environments and CASE although development tools are frequently marketted as greatly enhancing software reusability, some studies show that the current employed CASE tools are not particularly effective in promoting reuse of life-cycle objects across projects in an organisation employment of staff experienced in software engineering it seems to be unornamented that experienced software development practitioners are potentially better reusers than those who have no formal training in software engineering, however contrary to this belief, it can be shown that experience and knowledge of software development principles is not a substitute for training in methods and techniques specific to reuse activities provision of recognition rewards as an incentive to promote reuse practices in the organisation it is likely that only monetary rewards are a more effective motivator for implementing reuse practices existence of perceived legal impediments to the utilisation of reusable softwa re as majority of reuse efforts concentrates on the in-house development of reusable artefacts, thus, the legal issues are of less concern existence of reuse repositories many organisations consider such repositories as central to their reuse efforts, practice, however, shows that those organisations which do not use sophisticated computer-aided tools assisting the classification and retrieval of software artefacts achieve similar levels of reuse as those who are active proponents and users of such automated repositories the size of an organisation conducting a software development project the project or development team size is often used as an argument against the introduction of a formal reuse process, small companies believe the narrow scope of their application domain will limit the potential benefit of reuse, while the big companies fear the necessary investment of resources and money to properly implement systematic reuse, the apprehension in both of these cases in unwarr anted and the likelyhood of a success or failure of reuse efforts is independent of the company or project size considerations of software and process quality majority of surveyed developers had generally positive experience in reusing various software assets developed outside their home companies, overall, the quality concerns had little impact on the level of software reuse, the situation would probably be very different if the quality of reused assets were to deteriorate reuse measurements in majority of companies measurement of reuse levels, software quality, and software productivity are not done, however, those organisation which measure software reusability are not getting any significant higher reuse levels than those which fail to monitor their successes or failures in reusing software artefacts, thus in practice, measuring software reuse has very little effect on the whole of the reuse process.Finally, Krueger (1989) provides four tenets of the successful software reuse, the tenets based on the technical and cognitive factors which he believes will ultimately translate into variety of development goals to achieve an effective policy on software reusability, i.e. reuse must reduce the cognitive effort of software development constructing systems of reusable components must be easier than to building them from scratch finding reusable artefacts must be more efficient than building them understanding artefacts is fundamental to their effective selection.SummaryThis reputation defined the concepts of software reuse, reusability, reuse artefact and reuse library. It listed those attributes of software artefacts which increase a chance of them being reused, e.g. they have to be expressive, definite, transferable, additive, formal, machine representable, self-contained, language independent, able to represent data and procedures, verifiable, simple, and easily changeable. Then the paper gave an overview of major reuse efforts in the life-cycle, starting with coding and design, and then going through specification and requirements capture, and finally covering domain analysis and modelling.Two forms of reuse-based development were discussed, i.e. development-for-reuse, aiming at the construction of reuse library, and consisting of artefact identification, generalisation, classification and storage and the second, development-by-reuse, aiming at the construction of a new software product with the use of reuse library, and including the tasks of searching for reusable artefacts, their understanding, adaptation to new requirements, and their integration into a new system. The stages of artefacts processing include their analysis, organisation and synthesis. Finally the paper analyses the benefits and the perceived disadvantages of software reusability, focusing in particular on the myths and misconceptions held by developers and their managers. 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