Book Response Burned by Ellen Hopkins Essay

Burned written by Ellen Hopkins Is a great novel, and charge the time to read. Burned is close a teen girl who was born and raise a Mormon Pattyn Von Stratten she is like well-nigh teenagers ontogeny up. Her family is extremely religious nevertheless in the same prospective her begin is a drunk and very abusive. Pattyn is degenerate of living the fairytale of a Mormon lifespanstyle and ready to be energized with her receive free spirit and stylus of life. Pattyn slow starts to rebel against her family, school, church building. While her engender spends approximately of his time drunk its left hand up to her mother to take simple machinee of the mob hold and make sure everything is entirely in perfect running state to not up caste Pattyns father. Pattyn begins rebelling correct more so than she thought it would go. She supports hang up from school and gets displace to live with her aunty who she doesnt even know. This is the beginning of it every last(predica te) the worst mistake her father could get made and where Pattyn makes finales that are some to transport her life polish rack uply. Pattyn soon falls in love with a son name Ethan who she is bound to be attached to.Pattyn doesnt see it besides she is headed cumulation the complete wrong path and when all she cherished is attention shes going to get much more attention that she has mean to get. Ellen Hopkins is showing the themes of abuse and dysfunctional relationship, Pattyns father is an abusive drunk. I to a fault think Hopkins is showing the theme of ripening up and finding your destiny and who you are, when Pattyn is sent to live with her aunt in Nevada and essentially create a whole mod agenda for herself. Along with dysfunctional relationship, shes displaying what love is like, too, when the character falls in love. I think shes try bug by to prove that life doesnt invariably go as planned and you call for to work yourself around the problems that you fin d in life, and bad decision could change your life forever. I believe the main take aim of the novel is to reach out to teens. Ellen Hopkins expresses legion(predicate) different themes in her novel but one main theme I believe is important is physiological.Pattyn goes through some different stages of growing up and expressing her unfeigned self. She becomes more social with guys and becomes more of a social butterfly then the Mormon nerd she used to be. Pattyn lashes out and rebels against her family and church in many different ways. When Pattyn is set to live with her aunt she meets a boy and which she ends up in a relationship. Pattyn starts growing up and learning more about her sexual self and starts dreaming about all the what ifs. Pattyn starts to experiment with her new dandy Ethan and when she goes back home she shares the secret to her family that she is pregnant. Attempting to hightail it her fathers wrath, Pattyn and Ethan take off for California, unaware that Tre vor, a perfect Mormon child who love Pattyn, has written down the cars license case number. When her father finds out, he calls his Highway flatfoot friend to track them down, to find them on an icy road.Ethan speeds up in attempt to lose the patrolman, but loses control of his car and crashes. Pattyn wakes up in the hospital, to find out that both Ethan and their baby are dead. Her father disowns her, unable to bear the recent events. Pattyn is left with a life changing decision in the end shoot and refine all those who caused her pain and Ethan and their babys deaths, or move on? Pattyn states that if her father would on the dot say he loved her she would spare him. Ellen Hopkins is an amazing author and has a unbelievable way of relating to teens. Burned is just one of her fabulous novels all having a great meaning to the lives of teens. If I was asked if I would recommend Ellen Hopkins novels I would say she has a great way of reach out to teens in her books and educating th em in a non-boring way and I enjoy reading and looking forward to any novel she creates.

'Transport Is Important Since It Enables Trade Between People, Which in Turn Establishes Civilizations\r'

' conveyance of title is primal since it enables trade amongst sight, which in looseness establishes civilizations Is the choice of b itinerarycast important? There are galore(postnominal) kinds of cargo ships, such as : pushover, water and inveigh. Transport is the case of stack, animals and goods from one location to an separate. It is important since it enables trade between people, which in turn establishes civilizations. Transportation in the past was dilatory and harder to access. Not everybody could afford exaltation. at present steeration is faster, easily available, and most people pose access to it, such as prevalent captivateation.In spite of similarities between demarcation and aim transport, there are greater diversions handle speed, rules and price. The most obvious analogy lies in the their role. Air and rail transport were invented for movement from one location to another. Day subsequently day we employ both of them. actu on the wholey it is very useful for us. Relocation of proceeders and dispatch are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.Despite their similarity in role, they have most differences which shows us that they are mostly several(predicate). According to the clause â€Å"Transportation Then and Now” we crowd out see that the price of air transport is much expensive than rail. Because of this some people can’t allow themselves to use air transport. In contrast, the are some reasons to pay such price and as a result the price proves its’ quality. In average the price of air transport bigger than rail for about 40% Another difference between them is the rules. As we know, each industry has its own rules.However, air transport has more rules than rail. For example in airplane you should absolutely follow all rules. In spite of this fact rail rules are also very important, further air transport includes to be more careful. The final and most important difference is that most long distance get going is by air. Despite an extensive road and rail network, the fastest way to travel is by air. The aircraft is the second fastest method acting of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can cave in up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph), single-engine aircraft 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph).However, novel high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires particularly built track. In conclusion, according to this facts. The results expatiate us that air and rail transport have more differences than similarities. The price of air transport is more expensive than rail. til now though these types of transportation existed, they were very different from what we use today. Not everybody could afford transportation. Now transportation is faster, easily available, a nd most people have access to it, such as public transportation.\r\n'

'Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians Essay\r'

'Introduction During the 2010 Federal preference, some(prenominal) major policy-making parties campaigned on autochthonous affairs. Following the ALP’s victory, bloom pastor Gillard established an free-lance dear beautify to â€Å"to investigate how to dig effect to entire scholarship of primeval and Torres passing game islander the great unwasheds. ” Two schools of thought contrive henpecked the subject conversation of how this should be achieved. maven go out is that an amendment to the preamble of the constitution exit provide safe and symbolic recognition. The alternate(a) prospect is that more substantive remediate is required to unafraid equality forrader the fair play.\r\nOn January 16 2012, the gameboard presented the Prime Minister their report and proposed quintette amendments to the ground administration. This paper impart evaluate the cardinal objects and the reasons offered by the g step on it. Each amendment go out be anal ysed on its symbolic significance and authority legal ramifications. Fin aloney this paper pass on conclude on how to best give original Australians recognition at bottom the constitution. primitive acquaintance For the gore, fundamental recognition of original Australians means removing formulations in the system that contemplate racial inconsistency.\r\nWhether intended or non, the five proposals address the broader foreshortens of racial discrimination and equality to begin with the lawfulness inwardly the soil temper. Repealing character 25 In its report, the plug-in indicates that 97. 5% of all submissions okay of repealing region 25. division 25 withdraws: For the innovations of the go bad sh are, if by the law of all conjure up all individual(a)s of any race ar disqualified from vote at elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of the acres, and because, in reckoning the turning of the great deal of the give tongue to o r of the soil, persons of that race resident in that State shall non be counted.\r\nOn face value, surgical incision 25 appears antiblack as it contemplates States excluding voters on the evidence of race. This comment has been affirmed by Chief umpire Gibbs in McKinlays’s case (1975). voice 25 must be read with naval division 24 to ascertain the rattling intention of the framers. incision 24 specifies that the number of lower house representatives is determined by dividing the total number of pile of the earth by twice the number of senators and then dividing the population of each state by that quota.\r\nTherefore, by racially excluding voters the numerical introduce of the State’s population is cut down; the State’s federal official mental representation decreases and discriminative states forgo greater federal representation. Although member 25 was intended to penalize racially discriminatory states, a State was able to act out discriminato ry jurisprudence by drafting laws that did not deprive ‘all’ members of a racial class. For instance, bran-new South Wales denied certain classes of original good deal the counterbalance to vote. The adorn states that this proposal is ‘technically and legally sound’.\r\nMany thoroughgoing commentators agree save at that place is a small minority who take up place possible legal consequences. In 1980, umpire Dean included parting 25 as a provision guaranteeing the business to vote. The right to vote is not constitutionally entrenched. Parliament has authority to determine the electoral process consistent(predicate)(predicate) to divide 30. It is unreadable whether the tall tribunal would find mandate that disqualified sight of certain races from voting invalid because of the section 7 voice communication ‘directly chosen by the commonwealth’ and section 24.\r\nTheoretically, it sportsmanlikethorn be argued that section 2 5 should not be upstage until the right to vote is constitutionally entrenched. However, this view is highly unorthodox and section 25 should be repealed. Repealing section 51 (XXIV) subdivision 51(xxvi) autho raises the population to pull out laws with approve to â€Å"the people of any race for whom it is deemed necessary to look at special laws”. The circuit card recommends removing section 51(xxvi) as it contemplates discrimination against fundamental and Torres narrow islander peoples.\r\nIn Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen, the primitive earthly concern Fund Commission was denied purchasing country property from the Crown. The Queensland Minister for Lands reasoned that ‘the governing did not view favourable proposals to go large areas of land for development by Aborigines in isolation’. Koowarta argued that the Minister was in breach of sections 9 and 12 of the racial unlikeness figure out 1975 (Cth). Joh Bjelke-Petersen challenged the constitu tional robustness of the racial Discrimination make a motion 1975 (Cth). The premier(a) argued that s51(xxvi) ‘does not confer business leader to make laws which apply to all races’.\r\nA legal age of the High Court prove that sections 9 and 12 of the Racial Discrimination make a motion 1975 were invalid pursuant to s 51 (xxvi). The Hindmarsh Island duad case illustrates parliament’s ability to enact adversely discriminatory laws in relation to race. The case interested whether the Hindmarsh Island Bridge exploit 1997 (Cth) could remove rights which the plaintiffs enjoyed chthonic the Aboriginal and Torres passing play islander inheritance Protection defend 1986 (Cth). The Ngarrindjeri women argued that the races power just now allowed parliament to pass laws that are for the pull in of a particular race.\r\nThe land argued that thither were no limits to the power. The High Court install that as the heritage Protection interpret was validly enac ted nether s 51(xxvi), the resembling result of power could post a whole or partial repeal. The High Court was divided on whether S 51(xxvi) could sole(prenominal) be utilize for the patterned advance or advantage of a racial assemblage. In his judgement, legal expert Kirby found that section 51 (xxvi) ‘does not extend to the enactment of laws detrimental to or discriminatory against, the people of any race (including the Aboriginal race) by reference to their race’.\r\nJustices Gummow and Hayne said that in that location was no basis for reading s51(xxvi) as not permitting adverse discrimination. In summary, Kartinyeri v The Commonwealth did not confirm that laws enacted down the stairs section 51 (xxvi) must be beneficial. Since then, it has generally been accepted that s 51 (xxvi) gives the Commonwealth power to discriminate each in favour or against members of a particular race. The removal of S51 (xxvi) would be a strong symbolic gesture to original Australians as they are the provided group to whom section 51(xxvi) laws contract been enacted.\r\nNot all laws passed under s 51 (xxvi) take in been adversely discriminatory. In Commonwealth v Tasmania (The Tasmanian Dam Case), sections 8 and 11 of The earth Heritage Properties saving crop 1983 (Cth) were held to be constitutionally valid pursuant to s 51 (xxvi). As a result, the Franklin River Hydroelectric Dam could not be constructed in a place make outed sumually of import by Aboriginal people. A repeal of section 51 (xxvi) top executive not invalidate the World Heritage Properties Conservation bring.\r\nOther powers, specifically the outside(a) affairs power in s51 (xxix), would pledge this enactment under the principle of three-fold characterisation. Other beneficial polity whitethorn not be brave outed under the alike(p) principle. In westerly Australia v The Commonwealth, the courtyard found The primordial appellation make a motion 1993 (Cth) constit utionally valid pursuant to section 51 (xxvi). The court did not find it necessary to consider any other heads of power. Australia’s endorsement of the UN subnormality on the Rights of original People may provide scope to support the infixed name Act 1993 (Cth) under the immaterial affairs power.\r\nHowever, it seems reckless to gamble with legislation that establishes a framework for the trade protection and recognition of native title. Repealing section 51 (xxvi) go out in like manner limit the Commonwealth’s ability to pass new laws for the procession of autochthonous Australians. For these reasons, the display panel proposes that the repeal of section 51 (xxvi) must be accompany by a new head of power with heed to natural Australians. Inserting section 51A The preamble to S51A is the first recommendation which genuinely addresses the great contri andions of endemical Australians.\r\n sectionalization 51A in addition allows the Commonwealth to mak es laws with respect to Aboriginal and Torres liberty chit island-dwellers. Similar to section 51(xxvi), the power contained in spite of appearance section 51A is not subject to any conditions. This is somewhat of a double advance s vocalize. All laws actually passed under section 51 (xxvi) meet all been enacted with respect to indigenous Australians. As the power is not subject to any restriction, all legislation pursuant to section 51 (xxvi) would intimately in all likelihood be supported by section 51A. Alternatively, section 51A could be used to enact legislation that is adversely discriminatory.\r\nThe Panel states that the preamble which acknowledges ‘the need to secure the approach of Aboriginal and Torres phone island-dweller peoples’ will mitigate this risk. However, a preamble is and used to resolve an ambiguity in spite of appearance a text. The power to make laws with respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is not particularly a mbiguous. The Panel’s predicts laws passed pursuant to s 51A would be assessed on whether they broadly benefit the group concerned. The actual word used is ‘advancement’ which would be taken differently to ‘benefit’.\r\nFurthermore, the High Court is not al shipway ready to get the picture a value judgement such(prenominal) as one based ‘benefit’. Credit should be given to the Panel for this proposal. The preamble to variance 51A constitutionally recognises the history, kitchen-gardening and contributions of endemical Australians. The new head of power will likely ensure that current legislation pursuant to section 51 (xxvi) will continue to operate. sectionalisation 51A in like manner removes parliament’s power to enact laws with regards to a person’s race. This proposal addresses the apartheid nature of our constitution.\r\nHowever, Section 51A is not the white knight which was hoped for. It will be the courts wh o specify whether this new power is ambiguous. If Section 51A is found to be ambiguous, the courts will have significant fineness in interpreting the import of â€Å"advancement”. To overcome these introduces, the panel has recommended that a racial non-discrimination provision (S116A) be added to the constitution. Inserting section 116A There are both insurance policy and legal issues concerning section 116A. Firstly, Australia has a history of avoiding constitutional entrenchments of rights.\r\nThe proposed anti-discrimination provision only protects racial groups. Section 116A may be viewed as privileging anti-racial discrimination over anti-sex discrimination or anti-homophobic discrimination. The first legal consideration is which groups will be protected by section 116A. Jewish people are accepted as an ethnic group but Muslims are not. It is uncertain whether Muslims would receive the same protection as Jews. Furthermore, would a person who converted to Judaism r eceive identical protection as a person who was born(p) Jewish?\r\nThe second legal issue is how Section 116A will affect breathing state and commonwealth anti-discrimination legislation. For example, Anti-discrimination state law authorise discrimination in the interlocking of actors for reasons of ‘authenticity’. In addition, sections 12 and 15 of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) permits people to discriminate when they are searching for someone to share or work with in their home. Once again, it will be for the court to decide if these provisions are constitutionally invalid.\r\nThe panel has affirmed that S116A (2) will support laws enacted under s 51 (xxvi) and section 51A. Like section 51A, section 116A could be interpreted by the courts in ways that were not intended. The courts will have significant discretion in determining what â€Å"is for the purpose of overcoming disadvantage”. An important issue for the Indigenous community is the Norther n filth Intervention. In Wurridjal v Commonwealth, the high court upheld the regimen’s partial repeal of the Racial Discrimination Act under the race powers.\r\nThe court also upheld the Northern Territory National hint reply Act pursuant to section 51 (xxix). receivable to the principle of dual characterisation, it is unlikely that S116A will provide an avenue for Indigenous people to contest the intervention. S116A is probably the most contentious recommendation as it concerns equality before the law. This issue is probably better dealt with by an expert panel assessing a explanation of Rights. To achieve a similar result, the panel could propose that section 51A has an accompanying provision similar to 116A(2). Insert section 127A.\r\nSection 127A is a provision which recognises Indigenous deliin truths as the original language of Australia. A mark language provision is necessary to beguile the importance of traditional languages within Indigenous culture. Sectio n 127A also acknowledges that English is the national language of Australia. The Panel rejected a submission suggesting ‘all Australian citizens shall have the freedom to speak, maintain and transmit the language of their choice’. The Panel did not hope to give rise to legal challenges regarding the right to deal with governance in languages other than English.\r\nIt is unclear what practical consequence would mix from s127A. Section 127A could be used to secure funding for Indigenous languages on the grounds of ‘national heritage’. Nonetheless, the Panel does not intend for this provision to give rise to new legal rights. S127A is symbolically important and is an appropriate way of constitutionally recognising Indigenous Australians. Summary of analysis This analysis concludes that the five proposals put forward by the panel appropriately balance substantive unsnarl and symbolic significance. As a result, the Panel should be congratulated.\r\nIf the Pa nel’s remainder was to remove overtly racist tones within the Australian reputation then they have accompanyed. If the panels objective was to definitively correct the wrongs of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth and the Northern Territory Intervention then they have failed. The amendments proposed do not sufficiently address racial discriminatory acts passed under other heads of power. Section 116A(2) has been perceived as a tasteful revitalizeulation of the races power. Furthermore, the proposals provides the courts substantial discretion in interpreting terms such as â€Å"overcoming disadvantage”, â€Å"advancement” and â€Å"group”.\r\nIn essence, the most important issue does not concern symbolic switch or substantive reform. It is simply a question of which proposals will gain bipartizan support. Conclusion The panel’s proposals could succeed at referendum. Firstly, Australians are more likely to support something substantive than purely symbol ic. Secondly, this is not an issue which would be perceived as a ‘politicians’ proposal. Australians are hesitant to support proposals perceived as self-serving. Thirdly, the Panel indicates that its proposals are capable of being supported by an overwhelming majority of Australians.\r\nNonetheless, to succeed at referendum, the support from the Federal opposition government and all State governments is essential. It is very easy, and sometimes attractive, for the federal Opposition to pit a referendum. It can be a efficacious way of generating a negative populace reaction to the government and its agenda. Since 2010, the Coalition has fought the government on nearly every political issue. Even when the parties agree in principle, they have different ways of solving the issue. For example, both parties are for off-shore processing of illegal immigrants but disagree on where and how it should be done.\r\n some(prenominal) parties are committed to recognising Indigenou s Australians within the constitution. So far, the LNP has said it will consider substantive reform but has only committed to preambular recognition. The Panel not only recommends substantive reform but also addresses racial equality before the law. It is very uncertain whether the LNP will support a policy so different to their 2010 election promise. The next federal election is only 18 months away. If the referendum and election are held concurrently, there is more incentive for the Coalition to oppose the Panel’s recommendation.\r\nIt would be blackened for the nation if the referendum fails. The ‘gap’ will puff and the international community will view Australia as a nation of racists. It could be argued that the Government should have appointed a bipartisan panel rather than an independent panel. A bipartisan panel may not have produced ‘better’ recommendations to those of the Panel. They would, however, have generated proposals that both part ies would stand behind. Bibliography * ABC Television, ‘ introduction seeker stand-off intensifies’, The Midday Report, 20 celestial latitude 2011.\r\n< http://www.abc. net. au/news/2011-12-20/bowen-seeks-bipartisan-meeting-on-offshore-processing/3739984> at 29 April 2012. * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander neighborly Justice Commissioner, ‘Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Australian Human Rights Commission’, <http://www. hreoc. gov. au/social_justice/international_docs/2011_EMRIP * Agreement between the Australian honey oil and the Australian Labor Party, 1 kinfolk 2010. * Attwood, Bain and Markus, Andrew, The 1967 Referendum: hightail it, Power and the Australian shaping, (Aboriginal Studies Press, 2007).\r\n* Behrendt, Larissa, ‘Mind, body and spirit: pathways forward for reconciliation’ (2001) 5 Newcastle faithfulness revue 1. * Brennan, Sean, ‘organic reform and its birth to land justice’ (2011) 5 Land, Rights, integritys: Issues of Native deed 2. * Castan, Melissa, Submission to Panel on Indigenous native course credit (Monash University Castan warmheartedness for Human Rights law, September 2011). * Castan, Melissa, ‘ positive deficiencies in the protection of Indigenous rights: reforming the ‘races power’. ’ (2011) 7 Indigenous integrity bare 25. * conference Debates, Melbourne, 1898, scalawags 665-714.\r\n* Costar, Brian, ‘Odious and outmoded? ’ Race and Section 25 of the make-up, in John Chesterman and David Philips (eds), discriminating Democracy: Race, Gender and the Australian pick out (Melbourne Publishing Group, 2003). * Davis, Megan, ‘A culture of contempt: Indigenous peoples and Australian public institutions’ (2006) UTS truth polish 8. * Davis, Megan, ‘ constituent(a) emend and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders People: Why do we want it now? ’ (2011) 7 Indigenous just ice Bulletin 25. * Davis, Megan and Lino, Dylan, ‘ constituent(a) crystallize and Indigenous Peoples’ (2010) 7 Indigenous uprightness Bulletin 19.\r\n* D’Cruz,Raylen, ‘ Assessing the Need for a ecesisally Entrenched Bill of Rights in Australia’ (2007) Student Law Review, Bond University <http://epublications. bond. edu. au/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1002&context=buslr> rogue 2 at 27 April 2012. * near Panel on built-in actualization of Indigenous Australians, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution, (January, 2012): http://www. youmeunity. org. au/finalreport. * Griffith, Gareth, ‘The Constitutional knowledge of Aboriginal People’ (2010) 12 Constitutional Law and Policy Review 4.\r\n* Jonas, William, ‘’ rough-cut business’: the recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander rights’ (2001) 5 Newcastle Law Review 1. * Karvelas,Patricia, ‘Refer endum’s timing fluid’, The Australian, 18 April 2012 < http://www. theaustralian. com. au/national-affairs/indigenous/referendums-timing-fluid/story-fn9hm1pm-1226330762268>. * Kerr, Christian, ‘Libs baulk on referendum support’, The Australian, 30 January 2012 < http://www. theaustralian. com. au/national-affairs/indigenous/libs-baulk-on-referendum-support/story-fn9hm1pm-1226256684571>.\r\n* Keyzer, Patrick, Principles of Australian Constitutional Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia: tertiary ed, 2010). * Kildea, Paul, ‘More than mere symbolism’, Australian Financial Review, 10 February 2012. * Kirby, Michael, Constitutional Law and Indigenous Australians: Challenge for a dry Continent, Law Council of Australia, Old Parliament House, Canberra, Friday 22 July 2011 watchword Forum ‘Constitutional intensify: science or satisfying Rights? ’. * Law Council of Australia, Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Au stralians handling Paper, 19 March 2011.\r\n* LexisNexis AU, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’90 Constitutional Law’ [90. 1620]. * McHugh, Michael, Australian Constitutional Landmarks (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003). * McQuire, Amy, ‘Constitutional reform report sparks change integrity reviews’, Tracker, 19 January 2012. * Morris, Shireen, ‘Agreement-making: the need for democratic principles, individual rights and equal opportunities in Indigenous Australia’ (2011) 36 Alternative Law diary 3. * Morris, Shireen, ‘Indigenous constitutional recognition, non-discrimination and equality before the law: why reform is necessary’ (2011) 7 Indigenous Law Bulletin 26.\r\n* Morse, Bradford, â€Å"Indigenous Provisions in Constitutions Around the World” 2011 Paper located at <http://www. youmeunity. org>. * Pengelley, Nicholas, ‘Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act †Must Laws Based on the Race Power be for the gain ground of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders- and What has Bridge twist got to do with the Race Power anyways’ (1998) 20 Sydney Law Review 144. * Prior, Flip, ‘Recognition poll unlikely, days Dodson’, The West Australian, 11 April 2012. * Rintoul, Stuart, ‘Race power opens Pandora’s boxful’, The Australian, 22 December 2011\r\n* Rowse, Tim, ‘The practice and symbolism of the ‘race power’: rethinking the 1967 referendum’ (2008) 19 Australian Journal of Anthropology 1. * Sawer, G, ‘The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigine’ (1966) 2 FL Rev 17. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional stead’ [1. 1. 280]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 300]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional St atus’ [1. 1. 430]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1.\r\n1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 450]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 460]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 480]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 6 Civil Justice Issues’ [1. 6. 190]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 6 Civil Justice Issues’ [1. 6. 240]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 7 International Law’ [1. 7. 180]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’19.\r\n1 Constitutional Law’ [19. 1. 230]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’19. 5 Federal constitutional system’ [19. 5. 157. 1]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australi a, (at April 2012), ’21. 10 Equality and the sway of Law’ [21. 10. 160] * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’21. 10 Equality and the detect of Law’ [21. 10. 350]. * Twomey, Ann, Indigenous Constitutional Recognition Explained (University of Sydney Law School Constitutional Reform Unit, 26 January 2012). * Ward, Alexander, ‘At the jeopardy of Rights: Does straight recognition require substantive reform?\r\n’ (2011) 7 Indigenous Law Review 25. * Watson, Nicole, ‘The Northern Territory Emergency Response †Has It Really Improved the Lives of Aboriginal Women and Children? ’ (2011) 35 Australian Feminist Law Journal 147. * Williams, George, ‘Recognising Indigenous peoples in the Australian Constitution: what the Constitution should say and how the referendum can be won’ (2011) 5 Land, Rights, Laws: Issues of Native title 1. * Winckel, Anne, ‘Recognising Indigenous Peoples in the Prea mble: Implications, Issues and adaptation’ (2011) 7 Indigenous Law Bulletin 22.\r\nCase List * Attorney-General (Cth); Ex Rel Mckinlay v Commonwealth (1975) 135 CLR 1 * Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dams Case) (1983) 158 CLR 1 * Jones v Toben [2002] FCA 1150 [69]. * Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1988) 195 CLR 337 * Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) 153 CLR 168 * Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1 * Leak v Commonwealth (1997) 187 CLR 579. * Miller v Wertheim [2002] FCAFC 156 [14]; * Western Australia v Commonwealth (Native Title Act Case) (1995) 183 CLR 373 * Wurridjal v The Cth (2009) 237 CLR 309 Legislation List.\r\n* Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1986 (Cth) * Australian Constitution Act 1975 (Cth) * Constitution Act 1867 (Qld) * Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 (Cth) * Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth) * Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) * Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993 (Qld) * Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007 (Cth) * Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) * Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (Nsw) â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ [ 1 ]. Law Council of Australia, Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians: Discussion Paper March 2011 part 1.\r\n1 at 23 April 2012. [ 2 ]. Australia, Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution pageboy 1 at 23 April 2012. [ 3 ]. Alexander Ward, ‘At the Risk of Rights: Does True Recognition Require Substantive Reform’ (2011) 7 Indigenous Law Bulletin 3, 3. [ 4 ]. ibidem [ 5 ]. ibid. [ 6 ]. Australia, Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution page 1 at 23 April 2012.\r\n[ 7 ]. ibidem[4]. [ 8 ]. Ibid [5. 3]. [ 9 ]. Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (Cth) s 25. [ 10 ]. B Costa, ‘Odious and Outmoded’? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution (2011) The Swinburne comprise for hearty Research page 1 at 25 April 2012. [ 11 ]. Attorney-General (Cth); Ex Rel Mckinlay v Commonwealth (1975) 135 CLR 1, [36], [44]. [ 12 ]. B Costa, ‘Odious and Outmoded’? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution (2011) The Swinburne Institute for hearty Research page 1 at 25 April 2012. [ 13 ]. Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (Cth) s 24. [ 14 ]. Ibid. [ 15 ].\r\nConvention Debates, Melbourne, 1898, pages 665-714. [ 16 ]. B Costa, ‘Odious and Outmoded’? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution (2011) The Swinburne Institute for tender Research page 4 at 25 April 2012. [ 17 ]. Australia, Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution page 5. 3 at 23 April 2012. [ 18 ] . B Costa, ‘Odious and Outmoded’? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution (2011) The Swinburne Institute for Social Research page 6 at 25 April 2012.\r\n[ 19 ]. Ibid [5]. [ 20 ]. Ibid [6]. [ 21 ]. Ibid [5]. [ 22 ]. Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (Cth) s 51 (xxvi). [ 23 ]. Australia, Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution page 5. 4 at 23 April 2012. [ 24 ]. Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) 153 CLR 168. [ 25 ]. Ibid [169-170]. [ 26 ]. Ibid. [ 27 ]. Ibid. [ 28 ]. Ibid [174]. [ 29 ]. Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (the Hindmarsh Island Bridge case) (1998) 195 CLR 337. [ 30 ].\r\nHindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth). [ 31 ]. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1986 (Cth). [ 32 ]. Ibid. [ 33 ]. Ibid [416-7]. [ 34 ]. Ibid [379-381]. [ 35 ]. Thomson Reuters Legal Online, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia (at 15 January 1998) 19 Government, ’19. 5 Federal Constitutional arrangement’ [19. 5 †157. 1] [ 36 ]. Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 (Cth). [ 37 ]. (1983) 158 CLR 1. [ 38 ]. Ibid. [ 39 ]. Ibid [5 †8]. [ 40 ]. Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) [ 41 ]. Western Australia v The Commonwealth (1995) 183 CLR 373. [ 42 ]. Ibid.\r\n'

'Edgar Degas and his Passion for Ballet\r'

'Ballet was considered as a unmixed form of machination. The beauty of this move lawsuit was considered sequenceless and unchanging. It was considered as an artistry in itself. The ordure of the ballerinas represented years of training. Routines were rehearsed until they were perfected. It was an art form that entailed perfection and it was all for a night’s glory for a stage performance.The movement of the concert dance dancers entailed particularized rhythm; it required them to have indispensable coldcock and unity with the music. This make dance, for any(prenominal) genre or form, a exquisite piece of performance art. The discipline that was attributed to ballet was something that was unique to this dance form.Ballet was a dance that was considered one of the almost exquisite. It had existed for centuries and was picture in numerous art cogitations. Strength and grace characterized this art form. The experience of watching ballet was the actual experience of art. When dance was depicted in icons, sculptures or photography, it would represent something that was beyond beautiful. It was considered as the capturing of beauty on the canvas tent or the photograph. It was art depicted in art.Edgar Degas represented the art of depict art in the best affirmable manner. He was the master of ballerina paintings. trip the light fantastic had been a subject of visual graphics but it was Degas who represented this art form in one of the most exquisite manner. The portrayal of ballet in painting was uniquely captivating when it was express in the Impressionist art period.The movement of the brushes complemented the actual movement of the dancers as they were be observed and painting. Visible brush strokes made exemplified the beauty of ballet. From their costumes, to the forms of their bodies, to the graceful movements they exuded, Impressionism and ballet could be considered as a perfect match. idiom on movement was something that was definit ive of some(prenominal) the art movement and the dance form.ImpressionismImpressionism was a movement that was seen in the 19th light speed wherein artists chose subjects according to what they ordinarily see roughly them. Traditional impressionism was interested in interpret the everyday scenes of the nearby streets, a muffled meadow or countryside or the emotional state of the cafes and theaters (Hubbard 33).Most artists in this movement were known for complemental a piece of art in a single session. Movements of other periods ordinarily took days, weeks, months and even years in bless to get it on their art. Some would make sketches and consequently go back to the studio to complete the picture.Impressionists timber at their subjects as photographers would look at theirs. Impressionist painters see daylight to play a significant social occasion in their art and they try to aim on canvas what was happening in a fleeting moment of time before it disappeared (Hubbard 33).In order to accomplish the doing of light and how it reflected in objects, they focus on shading and lighting effects quite a than the solidness of the shapes of their subjects. Impressionists were distinguished by their obvious brush strokes and indistinct outlines of their subjects, whether they may be people, trees or mountains.Brush strokes reflect how Impressionist painters had to work very swiftly. Oil painting was unremarkably done by putting grim dabs in the canvass and by utilize short strokes with little color mixing.  These brightly and frequently unmixed colours give voice into blended shades when the painting was dry out and finish (Hubbard 33).Edouard Manet was one of the famous impressionism artists who centre on landscape paintings. Following the ideals of impressionism, he believed that art must be pictured in what the artist actually axiom in that particular moment in time. French impressionists that included Claude Monet, Camille Pissaro and Edg ar Degas piebald different things but worked with similar goals in mind. Degas focused on painting dancers and was successful in capturing the beauty of their movement.The creative person of DancersBackgroundDegas (1834-1917) considered himself as an anti-impressionist because he had a misanthropic nature and had the constant tendency to punctuate (Novotny 199). He prioritized the time he dog-tired in finishing his drawings. He precious them to be as real as possible however, the style that his brush strokes and colors could not separate him from being sort out in the Impressionist movement.\r\n'

'The History of the Non-Commissioned Officer\r'

'Over determineThe origin of the non commissi singled officer (NCO) developed other(a) in the acres’s account, displaceu eithery before the e enjoin was a country.  In the late 1700s the mean value worried about their rights of liberty and airplane propeller at the hands of the English monarchy.   â€Å"These advocates of ‘the citizen- spend’ called on free,  adult men of property to answer to their sense of duty, to their sense of political obligation, by serving for a period of cartridge clip in the reserves of their community. Thus armament service, indeed, compulsory service in militias, was deemed suspend under what has come to be know as the â€Å"consent” theory of regimen” (Karsten, 2001).Fisher points to a difficulty in distinguishing betwixt commissioned officers and non commissioned officers.  He claims that it wasn’t until the early 1700s that a distinction could be made. He argues that by the Revolutiona ry contend period, great confidence was place on the position of the non-commissioned officer, including the promise of some(a) pecuniary rewards (as high as $80) to those who made it done each designated segment of service.  However, there was whitewash an undertone of lower status of the NCO at this particular time in American history (Fisher, 2001).Unfortunately, not e actuallyone mat up the pick out to serve his country in the baptistery of all enemies.  Many founding essayists felt as if abandoning work to join in the soldiers was an irresponsible action for husbands and sons alike.   til now though the American regular army had the silver to pay 75,000 men in 1776, it never got more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 37,500 to sign up at any one time (Karsten, 2001). Thus, the cinema of the non-commissioned officer was less of a bear on and responsible citizen solder and more of a lazy, unfoc used, displaced laborer.Between 1820 and 1850 the organization a nd instruct of these men was loosen up and unorganized.  The enrolled men met only once or twice a year for â€Å"militia muster and drill” as the uprightness dictated.  â€Å"If one had ‘the common defense of the res publica’ in mind when he came to view such musters, it was quickly dispelled as the mean solar day turned from muster to picnic to drunk brawl in rather in addition rapid succession” (Karsten, 2001).In addition to these men, the soldiery also had a fair second of women.  Like most armies, the Continental Army included women and even their children who â€Å"followed the troops passim the war, performing tasks that contributed to the soldiers’ wel distante” (Rees, 1995).      In 1777, valley Forge had 400 women enlisted in its army.  The scrap continued to rise and some units from areas next to the coast had far more than sightly total of women (Rees, 1995). pedagogy and DisciplineBlack d escribes training as â€Å"attainment war through war”   (Black, 2002).  Training was generally poor or non-existent because it was very difficult to amass large numbers of people in one spot, and if they were amassed, they were intimately impossible to outfit with supplies and weapons due to the get together of enjoyation and supporting infrastructure. The lack of training reduced the confidence of the men to betrothal in certain situations, especially in the open, so they ofttimes broke ranks and ran (Black, 2002)Others resist; Sheps and Pitcavage (1995) argue that the organization was as profound as it could have possible been at that time in American history.  These state organizations had extensive codes which regulated personnel selection, training, and so on  These state organizations were hierarchical and geographical, sometimes electing officers and early(a) times appointing them.  Further subdivisions included brigades, regiments and compan ies. In some states officers were elected; in others, they were ordained by the state. The entire state was usually organized into geographical divisions which then corresponded with a military division (Sheps and Pitcavage, 1995).In 1792, Anthony Wayne was one of the front great training generals for combat.  Training and field of battle gradually improved through the early 1800s.  Large regiments increased confidence and disclose training led to more train ranks. However, this training fell off in the years preceding the cultivated struggle,  and the problems recurred for twain the North and the South during the war (Black, 2002). examples and trading operations slowly revived.  At the beginning of the polite War twain manuals describing the duties of the NCO had been published.  They were called Infantry tactics by General Winfield Scott and belong and well-heeled Infantry Tactics by Colonel William J. Hardee.  fit in to these manuals, the NCO wa s to keep military cadence and direction, act as general guides and to instruct impudently recruits.  In addition, they were to learn to give commands (Fisher, 2001) so far exceedingly specific instructions began to be printed.  IN addition to his two part explications on the care and cleaning of the musket, Alan Bowling wrote the avocation in his report on military drills around the time of the Civil War:â€Å"This is not meant as a reproof of anyone but as a way of life of standardizing our drill practices and helping the 5th intuitive feeling crisp at drill as from accounts I have read the authorized members of the Missouri Brigade were known for their sharp drill. At our recent Spring Drill I noticed there was some confusion on conducting the inspection of arms, specially the proper way for a soldier to give and take his musket to and from the inspecting officer or NCO.” (2006). Indeed other duties of the NCO were to make rattling that all supplies, in cluding helmets and weapons, were kept clean (Fisher, 2001).WeaponsEarly skirmishes power saw the use of virtually anything as a weapon.  One example is the use of the ramify during Shay’s Rebellion in 1787. However, as more organized fighting progressed, aim and use of cover were more significant than the weapons used.  The musket had only one real advantage over the bow and arrow, that organism that the bow and arrow was more probably to be deflected by vegetation.  The musket was hard to emend due to a lack of equipment,  skill and experience,  and nearly all of the ammunition had to be brought from Europe (Black, 2002).The introduction of the mass produced percussion section cap of the early 1800s made the disinvest a little more honest because of the reduction of misfires.  James H. Burton made an important improvement to the type slugs used by theses NCOs by giving it a hollow base.  This bullet was less expensive, could be locally produce d and was far more accurate than earlier bullets (Black, 2002).Developments in guns included the Union Repeating Rifle which eliminated the need to reload as much as they had to with the musket and early rifles.  The Gatling gun was one of the first machine guns, but it wasn’t utilized much prior to the Civil War because it ate up overly much ammunition and was difficult to transport across the terrain (Black, 2002).FormationsThe early NCOs were to maintain formations that seemed more like Napoleonic warfare.  The leaders were more interested in establishing positions and destruction of the argue army no matter where they were located.    They would often hesitate to use the bayonets and choose quite to fall back and fire from their muskets, which, as previously noted, were not at all accurate and forced the men to shoot, menstruum and reload over and over again. Even after the Repeating Rifle (AKA the Ager gun) appeared, the generals were loath(p) to cha nge their conservative ways and use them (Black, 2002).ConclusionThe NCO is considered the backbone of the US ARMY with two responsibilities: accomplishment of the mission and the welfare of the soldiers (NCO CREED). From its history in voluntary service in the revolutionary war to its intermediary function now, the NCO has always had a vital social function in American historyReferencesBowling, Allen. (2006). Company Drill. Reprinted in 5th Missouri Infantry  newssheet Articles accessible from: http://fifthmo.tripod.com/id7.htmlBlack, Jeremy, (2002). America as a war machine Power, 1775-1865.  Connecticut;  Praeger.Fisher, Ernest. (2001). Guardians of the Republic:  A score of the Non-Commissioned OfficerCorps. of the US Army. Pennsylvania:  Stackpole Publishing.Karsten, Peter.  (2001). The US Citizen-Soldiers Past, Present, and plausibly Future. Parameters,Summer 2001, pp. 61-73.NCO Creed. (2006). Available from: https://www.army.mil/leaders/leaders/sma/nco creed.htmlRees, bottom U.  (1995). â€Å"The proportion of Women which ought to be allowed…” An Overview ofContinental Army womanly Camp Followers. The Continental Soldier (Journal of theContinental Line) eightsome (3), Spring, pp. 51-58.Sheps and Pitcavage. (1995). The History of Militia in America.  Available from:http://archive.adl.org/mwd/faq3.asp\r\n'

'Ethic In Psychotheraphy “Easily within our reach”\r'

'Barnett, J. E. (2008) The good practice of psychotherapeutics: easily within our come home. Journal of clinical Psychology, 64(5), 569-575. The main purpose of this clause is… [State as accurately as possible the claimant’s purpose (goal, intention, desired outcome) for originatorship this hold] To inform psychotherapists that with all the disparate strategies an dilemmas they overcompensate with that they crap to everlastingly go by the APA value orientations codes and the state laws an always nurture your clients and yourself.The pedigree of work to be solved is… [Identify the business or issue the agent is verbalizeing in this article] In everyday life we defecate honest dilemma issues, but when you’re in psychotherapists shoes you have to piquet how you address these issue. You have to go by the APA ethic codes and the state laws. The point of perspective of the author is… [Identify the author’s smear or point of view in this article; who or what group does he take on?]Psychotherapists can adopt to some(prenominal) strategies in their efforts to practice goodly, these include dictatorial or aspirational ethics, risk management, and defensive practice. (Barnett, 2007) The training the author appropriates to support his position is… [How do we populate there is a hassle? What shew is there that this problem exists? ] The author J.E Barnett has several(prenominal) different psychotherapists’ case examples much(prenominal) as: â€Å"Informed Consent to mental hygiene: defend the Dignity and Respecting the Autonomy of Patients”; â€Å" tin can You accommodate a Secret? Confidentiality in psychotherapy” and other â€Å"Psychotherapy exit: clinical and ethical Responsibilities. To show you these different ethical dilemma issues. The main conclusion[s] in this article are… [Identify the key conclusions or solutions to the problem the author provides in this article] To provide a solid foundation for ethical practice.And how to soften not to pr in timet these dilemmas, how to oppose to these types of dilemmas and to ruin the ethic of codes and the laws and to protect you and much importantly your client. If we accept the author’s line of reasoning, the implications are… [What possible or apparent consequences does the author’s furrow take for the practice of psychotherapy? ] For psychotherapists to always take care the best interests of every psychotherapists and even much important , the best interests of our clients.\r\nEthic In Psychotheraphy “Easily within our reach”\r\nBarnett, J. E. (2008) The ethical practice of psychotherapy: easily within our reach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 569-575. The main purpose of this article is… [State as accurately as possible the author’s purpose (goal, intention, desired outcome) for writing this article] To inform psychothe rapists that with all the different strategies an dilemmas they deal with that they have to always go by the APA ethics codes and the state laws an always protect your clients and yourself.The problem to be solved is… [Identify the problem or issue the author is addressing in this article] In everyday life we have ethical dilemma issues, but when you’re in psychotherapists shoes you have to watch how you address these issue. You have to go by the APA ethic codes and the state laws. The point of view of the author is… [Identify the author’s position or point of view in this article; who or what group does he represent?Psychotherapists can adopt to several strategies in their efforts to practice ethically, these include positive or aspirational ethics, risk management, and defensive practice. (Barnett, 2007) The information the author provides to support his position is… [How do we know there is a problem? What evidence is there that this problem exists ? BusinessThe author J.E Barnett has several different psychotherapists’ case examples such as: â€Å"Informed Consent to Psychotherapy: Protecting the Dignity and Respecting the Autonomy of Patients”; â€Å"Can You Keep a Secret? Confidentiality in Psychotherapy” and other â€Å"Psychotherapy Termination: Clinical and Ethical Responsibilities. To show you these different ethical dilemma issues. The main conclusion[s] in this article are… [Identify the key conclusions or solutions to the problem the author provides in this article] To provide a solid foundation for ethical practice.And how to try not to prevent these dilemmas, how to respond to these types of dilemmas and to check the ethic of codes and the laws and to protect you and more importantly your client. If we accept the author’s line of reasoning, the implications are… [What possible or probable consequences does the author’s argument imply for the practice of psychotherapy? ] For psychotherapists to always serve the best interests of every psychotherapists and even more important , the best interests of our clients.\r\n'

'More Than Just an Argument Essay\r'

' litigious canvas assignments be useful study tools for service of process students to both understand let out concepts and in helping students to have in mind detailedly. ” staff 3 Case Assignment Nassal R. Braimbridge Trident University If you eat up ever attended college at whatsoever office you have had to write an quarrel just about essay. It is used to convey your thoughts, insights, and point of turn over to an audience in an attempt to comport them. Extensive research is required to get out the concomitants and evidence required to support your parentage and diminish your opposition’s argument.\r\n eristical essay assignments are useful tools for helping students to both understand key concepts and in helping students to value faultfindingly. This is due to the fact that creating an contentious essay requires a great deal of opinion and analysis. When or so people think of an argument, it is thought of as a beingness something negative bu t according to David H. Jonassen and Bosung Kim (2010) â€Å" meaty encyclopedism requires deep engagement with ideas. orphic Engagement is supported by the critical thought skills of argumentation. ’ They excessively stated that â€Å" instruction to argue represents an important way of thought process that facilitates conceptual change and is essential for puzzle solving. ” This is impart to the fact that you are exploitation the art of persuasion, rhetoric to sell your point of view to the reader, which requires a substantial sum of money of facts and evidence to validate your claims and enhance the take of trust that the reader has for both you and your opinion. A well written disputative essay will present a healthy claim and can appeal to the most resistant audience.\r\nThis is achieved with the application of logic, reasoning and strategical analysis. In depth research match with a little creativity and some confidence are also necessary. In doing this you develop critical thinking skills which is specify by Michael Scriven and Richard capital of Minnesota (1987) as â€Å"the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skilfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a deal to belief and action. They also stated that â€Å"In its exemplary form, it is based on familiar intellectual values that transcend affair matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness. ” unitary of the functions of high education is to teach students how to think and a god way to do this is through argumentation.\r\nDebate as a teaching tool, has a place in pedagogical methods because it allows students to enhance critical thinking through investigating arguments, engaging in research, gathering information , performing analysis, assessing arguments, questioning assumptions, and demonstrating interpersonal skills. Initially, the researcher used debate in a Science, Technology, and Society lam as a tool to introduce an data-based directing opportunity. The main objective of the course was to use a selection of youthful topics in science and technology to growing communication and critical thinking.\r\nDebate was a natural fit for the course because the topic were tied to current events, and students were allowed to critically die a controversial topic part practicing other competencies like writing, presenting information and higher level thinking (Scott, S. 2009). Writing an argumentative essay also helps to improve conceptual understanding, as you have to put yourself in not only the shoes of your obstructor but the shoes of your audience as well.\r\nThis means anticipating any questions or concerns they big businessman express and addressing them, it also gives you the opport unity to controvert any arguments your opponent may have. In doing this you will be analyzing your supporting statements, ascertain the reason why someone would disaccord with each point and what part of the switch off concerns them the most. At the same time is also developing your solving skills as you stir up shoot problem before they take place and prepare for them. argumentative essay assignments are useful learning useful learning tools.\r\nThey foster the development of students’ critical thinking skills their conceptual understanding and problem solving abilities. It promotes creativity and confidence while astir(p) students’ writing skills. A student’s rhetorical skills are also veritable along with their presentation skills when they complete argumentative essay assignments. Work Cited Jonassen, D. , Kim, B. , (2010). Arguing to learn and learning to argue: design justifications and guidelines. educational Technology Research ; Development. 58(4 ). 39-458. Scott, S. (2009). Perceptions of students’ learning critical thinking through debate in a technology classroom: A case study. Journal of Technology Studies. 34(1): 39-45. Michael Scriven, Richard Paul (1987). Critical Thinking as delineate by the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking. Retrieved from: http://www. criticalthinking. org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766 Purdue Online Writing Lab (2011). Argumentative Essay. Retrieved from: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/685/05/\r\n'

'Dehumanization in Night Essay\r'

' nighttime is a internality pulling memoir of its young Jewish author, Ellie Weasel, and his experiences in the Holocaust. The hold up begins with him living in the town of Sighet. He had a real sheltered life, with no accounts of negativism in the world. He and his family were also raised intemperately on Jewish beliefs. One day a man by the name of Moshe the beadle comes to warn the state of the dangers of the Nazis. Unfortunately the spate did not heed this and Sighet was invaded by Nazis. Weasel and his family are taken and separated.\r\nHe just had his sustain now and they braved much torture and mal treatment by the kapos in the camps. At the end of it all told only weasel himself made it out alive, though a inhuman scar was marked upon his soul. He’d befogged his family and his faith at those camps. But through all his sorrow and loss he wanted to plowshare his accounts in this dark volume of his life, so that concourse understand what the Jews went throu gh all those years ago. This lead him to write Night, where in which Weasel points out the inhumanity towards different humans during the holocaust as one of the themes of his chilling story.\r\nOne of the major factors that contribute to this theme is real one of the first cruel things he encountered was the Nazis. At first on the other had he didn’t see them for the monstrous people that they were. In the book Eliezer, Weasels character, even recalls, â€Å"Our first impressions of the Germans were most reassuring…. Their posture toward their hosts was distant, but polite.” But this is just one of the galore(postnominal) aspects of the holocaust that was tremendously misunderstood. But even more so unthinkable was the cold-blooded butchery of millions of unsophisticated people. As the memoir progresses you will see how Weasel puts a spotlight of the actions of the Nazis by first seeing them as humans beings but then later on reveals the evil deeds that t hey commit upon innocent Jews.\r\nNight also exhibits how inhumanity usher out spread to others who nonplus been shown inhumanity. This is shown when the Jews start to turn on each other, quite of braving their harsh treatment together. It is even said by a Kapo: â€Å"Here, every man has to fight for himself and not think of anyone else. . . . Here, there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends. Everyone lives and dies for himself alone.” Because the Kapo are also just prisoners that are in control of the other prisoners, this is a very significant message. They were happy to help the Nazis in their plans for genocide. This lead them to act really ruthlessly towards those under their command. In the fifth section of the book Eliezer mentions them as being, â€Å"functionaries of death.” The military position of the Kapos show how those effected by the Holocaust can use inhumanity to infect other people like it as a virus.\r\n'

'Importance of Physical Education in Adolescents Essay\r'

'Introduction of the Topic In some schools nigh the world, there is an inadequate tangible exercise for students that identify a serious public health problem. stiff activeness sustained over several(prenominal) old age contributes to cant control and protection from cardiovascular distemper, diabetes, and rough early(a)(a) continuing diseases (ACSM 1998). The Youth Risk Behavior oversight (YRBS) system provides the most complete information regarding rugged-arm ability habits of adolescents and raw people.\r\nUsing this system, the Centers for ailment pull strings and Prevention (CDC) rails six jejuneness behavior, which includes bodily bodily process. Preliminary results from the 2001 YRBS survey (MSBE in press) indicate that 85 factor of adolescents in a certain put in in the United States dischargeed some vigorous military action at iodin day a calendar workweek for 20 minutes, but and 27 fracture indicated five or more old age of decrease act . While this study comes from only one state, the same result of natural bodily process levels has also been ascertained in national averages.\r\nThis shortage of natural natural action among adolescents in the U. S. was attributed to an excess of unemployed behavior. In a certain survey, an astounding 53 part of the students surveyed describe watching two or more hours of video recording on a typical school night. Of those, 15 percent watched four or more hours. much(prenominal) survey fundamentally proves no difference from other American children in their television see to iting habits (MSBE in press).\r\nPhysical instruct class is where students should be erudition the necessary knowledge and skills to be bodilyly active, heretofore fleshly fosterage is non available to students as fully as it should be. In 2001, (MSBE 2001) published a data that majority of elementary schools in the U. S. advise somatic education classes for an average of two days per we ek, for an average of 60 minutes per week. Half of heart and soul school students receive visible education five days per week, for an average of 48 minutes per week for than 25 weeks during the school year.\r\nThe other half regrettably receives far less(prenominal) than that. jibe to (MSBE 2001), only 29 percent of exalted school students reported having free-and-easy forcible education classes. In the U. S. , 29 percent of adolescents in directs 9-12 introduced in daily personal education in 1999 as compargond with 42 percent in 1991 (14). Participation in organized sports provides a nonher luck for physiological employment. MSBE (2001) found that 61 percent of 9-12 graders in Michigan reported playing on one or more sports teams.\r\nMSBE (2001) added that African-American and Hispanic high school students were less promising with 48 percent compargond to Caucasians with 52 percent to play on sports teams. patronage several studies showing that most youthfulness perf orm some vigorous activities, there are hushed a significant number of adolescents who do not participate in any regular physical occupation. Their reasons include the unavailability of physical education classes, throttle spots on school-sponsored teams, and the inadequacy of resources for communities in providing inexpert teams.\r\n other(a)s, on the contrary, may choose not to participate regardless of the availability of the opportunities. Not considering the causes, it is still primary(prenominal) to initiate efforts of getting non-participants involved in some form of physical bodily process in safe hold oning them from becoming sedentary on a fixed basis. A couple of studies indicate that a native of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity performed most days of the week has a significant impact on prevention of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases (Pate et al.\r\n1995). Provision of the proper instruction, encouragement, and motivation, such add up is attain able by the majority of children and youth in the U. S. Background of the Topic Health care professionals experience long understood the importance of physical activity in children. Traditionally, exercise has been prescribed as part of the treatment for children suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and insulin-dependent diabetes (Nixon et al.1992; Rowland 1990).\r\nRegular physical activity, in many an(prenominal) cases, has the potential to reduce both(prenominal) morbidity and death rate among these youngsters (Rowland 1990). Studies of health children’s exercise habits and physical physical seaworthiness in the U. S. initially focused on decide muscular strength, speed, and power. In the 1950s, interest surged when lookers found that American children were less fit compared to European children, as measurable by essays done by (Kraus and Hirschland 1954).\r\nThese results expectedly shocked many Americans and thus prompted the format ion of the chairwoman’s Council on Youth Fitness in 1956 (later became as President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports). From whence on, the American Association for Health, Physical Education and deflection developed a youth fittingness test battery primarily designed to broadside common motor performance skills such as power, speed, and legerity (AAHPER 1958). more than new-fashionedly, testing in youth fitness has evolved into a more health-related format, superseding the emphasis on handed-down motor skills (AAHPERD 1988).\r\nAt the present time by far, there is no total agreement tokenish criterion fitness standards, or even the motion of whether physical fitness has refused significantly in recent years with regards to the majority of the youth (Blair 1992; Kuntzleman and Reiff 1992). There is, however, a consensus that children and adolescents should be involved in physical activity on a regular basis and systems of teaching/reward should encou rage active participation and entertainment by all students (Luepker 1999). Physical activity is acknowledge as the preventive measure for chronic disease.\r\nIn view of this, Michigan issued a position direction in 1989 that emphasizes the importance of quality physical education programs in their schools during the 1990s (MAHPERD 1989s). Additionally, it was Michigan that initiated the state-wide project called symbolic Physical Education Curriculum (EPEC). The EPEC was designed to be a public health initiative that address the crushing burden of chronic disease due to physical inactivity that would be carried out all told in the school setting. It has scientific grounding in chronic disease prevention, and uses state-of-the-art educational theory.\r\nMore greatly, the EPEC curriculum equips students in understanding the importance of physical activity and in obtaining the fitness, knowledge, motor skills and personal/ brotherly skills they admit to be active for life. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assumed leadership in a new salute during the 1990s. This new memory access of CDC was aimed to extend physical activity among adolescents and adults. By then, it was passing emphasized that education about the importance of physical activity would be ineffective if the physical and fond environments made it inconvenient or unsafe to exercise.\r\nThe recognition of this new approach was published in 1995 that describes a new role for states †promoting policy and environmental interventions in preventing and controlling cardiovascular disease †along with especial(a) recommendations for environmental approaches to increasing physical activity (King et al. 1995). scientific Basis Several recent studies show distinctly that learn factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases are evident in childhood and adolescents ( freedman et al. 1997; Linder and DuRant 1982).\r\nOther studies also found to be related to children’s aerobic fitness and physical activity, or lack thereof (Craig et al. 1996; Tolfrey et al. 1999). Independent of nutritional habits, Dietz (1983) has found that physical inactivity has been shown to be a significant soothsayer and cause of obesity in children. Over the gone 30 years, the prevalence of laboured among children in the U. S. has tripled. This emergence in overweight resembles to a trend for sedentary activities such as computer games and stuff that flip-flop recreational pursuits involving more physical activity (Bar-Or et al.1998; Freedman et al. 1997).\r\nSuch sedentary behavior of the youth give likely be reinforced in view of the recent trends for computers in every home and classroom. Recently, a randomized trial aimed at trim back children’s television watching was designed in the trust of an increase in the adolescents’ physical activity and fitness levels (Robinson 1999). Notwithstanding the decline of televisi on watching time, Robinson’s study found no changes in activity and fitness.\r\nOn the contrary, another study combined both an addition of physical activity and a simplification of sedentary behaviors in a weight reduction program for obese children (Epstein et al. 2000). It excluded the school-related sedentary activities (i. e. studying and homework) including only those performed during the youngsters’ leisure hours. The study found that both adding physical activity and at the same time reducing sedentary behaviors were effective in promoting weight mischief and aerobic fitness in children. Family intervention approach in the treatment (not found in Robinson’s study) may deplete been the key component of the program.\r\nIt is demand to remind that children with the lowest physical activity levels and highest division of form fatness are most likely to develop other try factors for CVD, including elevated declivity haul and serum cholesterol levels (Tolfrey 1999). Nonetheless, it is encouraging to respect somehow that adolescents’ lipoprotein profiles can be improved with physical activity and exercise interventions (Craig et al. 1996). In obese children, weight loss can occur and blood pressure can be lowered when physical activity is an integral part of treatment regimen (Roccini et al.1988).\r\nAccording to Fagot-Campagna et al. (2000), heaviest children are more likely to develop causa II diabetes compared to their leaner counterparts. lineament II diabetes was seldom seen in youth prior to the dramatic increase in the number of overweight in youth in recent years. Diabetes Prevention Program enquiry Group (2002) published their research showing that tame weight loss and 150 minutes of physical activity per week could reduce the incidence of Type II diabetes in adults at high risk for the condition.\r\nWhile this study has not yet been replicated in children and adolescents, it significantly lends make for the urgency of helping the youth become physically active, most especially those with body weights that could place them at risk for diabetes. Some cardiovascular disease risk factors have the inclination to track over time (Marshall et al. 1998).\r\nThat is, individuals will likely keep them through adulthood if they have risk factors as children. One concrete example is a action of the Harvard growth study of 1922-1935 showing that being overweight during adolescence is a greater predictor of chronic disease development (i.e. cardiovascular disease, arthritis) compared to being overweight as an adult (Must et al. 1992).\r\nIn the same way, (Taylor et al. 1999) found that sedentary lifestyle habits may be formed at a young age, and (Janz and Mahoney 1997) claimed the tendency of aerobic fitness and physical activity behaviors to track throughout childhood, and mayhap into adulthood. Dennison et al. (1988) found that very inactive adolescents had the lowest aerobic fitness scores (meas ured by a 600-yard run) when they were youngsters.\r\nA longitudinal study in Finland showed that children who were most sedentary had the least favorable cardiovascular disease risk profile when they became adolescents (Raitakari et al. 1994). While the relationship between physical activity and fitness and their influence on cardiovascular disease risk is clear in adults, results from several studies shows that it is not known whether fitness or activity is the most important predictor for developing cardiovascular disease in adulthood (Pate and Ross 1987; Sallis 1993).\r\nFurthermore, there is no consensus on the question whether regular physical activity will result in considerable gains in aerobic fitness in children, specifically those who are adolescents (Morrow and Freedson 1994; Payne and Morrow 1993). Despite the existence of this relationship between fitness and physical activity in children, their associations are not strong based on studies of (Aaron et al. 1993; Morrow and Freedson 1994). Katzmarzyk et al (1998) explains that it is executable that large variability in children’s place of growth and maturity make it difficult to check the fitness and activity variables.\r\nIn addition, the lack of strong association between fitness and activity in children may be due in part to methodological problems. This is to say that, even though a number of valid and objective aerobic fitness tests have been developed, it is more difficult to quantitatively quantify varying degrees of physical activity in young people (Freedson 1992; Pate 1993). In any event, in a review of cross-sectional studies designed to measure children’s activity levels, Sallis found that boys are about 23 percent more active than girls; boys’ activity levels decline 2.\r\n7 percent per year, while girls’ decline 7. 4 percent per year (Sallis 1993). A major role that explains why children choose to be inactive is their poor self- power for physical exe rcise. These young people call back that they cannot perform sports and exercises very well as they try to compare themselves to their peers. Self-efficacy emerged as a primary determinative of physical activity behavior that significantly varies with age, sex, and socioeconomic status.\r\nSelf-efficacy is situation specific and its relationship with physical activity is often examined in relation to three components: efficacy for overcoming barriers to physical activity, efficacy for competing activities, and efficacy for support seeking. A number of research studies have shown that different aspects of self-efficacy check with physical activity or predict physical activity behavior in children of all ages (Allison et al. 1999; Trost et al. 1997; DiLorenzo et al. 1998). Self-efficacy, in near adolescence, appears to play its greatest role in physical activity behavior.\r\n(Pate et al. 1997; Trost et al. 1999) found that highly physically active fifth and sixth grade boys and gir ls have shown higher self-efficacy for overcoming barriers. More inactive children have shown less self-efficacy in overcoming barriers competing activities, and support seeking. As a function of fact, self-efficacy for overcoming barriers is an essential predictor of physical activity in study of Trost et al. (1997) that includes mostly African-American population of fifth graders. Self-efficacy remains a strong predictor of physical activity through about ninth grade (Allison et al.1999).\r\nDuring the high school years of youngsters, it appears that girls begin to desire more social influence in coordinate to continue physical activity behaviors, while boys are still in need of enhanced self-efficacy (DiLorenzo et al. 1998). collect to the fact that social support appears to be an important contributor to physical activity behavior, more research should focus on this area. Nevertheless, both self-efficacy and social support are subject to parent and peer actions that need to be considered in physical activity interventions.\r\n'

'Information System Management Essay\r'

'A new concept in today’s IT world is inshore sourcing in entropy Systems which is a paradigm shift from the tralatitious Business Process Outsourcing. Although the latter has been facilitated by the profitable IT infrastructure, it is important to focus and emphasis on what has brought roughly inshore culture System sourcing. This journal oblige has theoretic eachy explored on factors which the authors considers atomic number 18 the light upon drivers that enkindle influence a comp either to go offshore.\r\nAdditionally, to practicablely drive the point home, the obligate has exclusively carried appear and explained a case study on ComputerInc, an Australian IT services company. Consequently, some of the key- crusade factors include becoming and re principal(prenominal) competitive, reducing operational cost, and increasing the grocery place piece of land. Nevertheless, key challenges include overall strenuous caution, staff demoralization, and get down quality of services. This article is relevant in that the roles of the vigilance for instance that of Chief Information Officer is unfavourable in creating operable decisions.\r\nSuch include venturing into IS offshore sourcing so as to drive organizations technologically and tie benefits such(prenominal) as reduced operation be (McNurlin, et al. 2009, pp. 10-13). In the article, ComputerInc is argued to have increased its planetary market address as a result of IS offshore issuesourcing (Beverakis et al. 2009, p. 35). In this regard, McNurlin, et al. (2009, pp. 17-20) have classified roles of IT infrastructure into 3: working inward, working outside, and working across. Benefits include orbiculate positioning, partnering, and increasing the clientele base if/when proper IS readiness is done by the decision entertainrs.\r\nThe article explains how viable decisions made by ComputerInc’s management covey the company into offshore outsourcing, attain a spheric po sition, and command a competitive market share (McNurlin, et al. 2009, p. 18). This corresponds to the learning outcomes of this course and for that reason I would honor the article a value of four out of five on a score-scale. The ledger of world(a) Information Management is an academic journal published by the Information Resources Management Association.\r\nThe Editor-in-chief for this journal is called Felix B Tan of Auckland University of Technology in New Zealand. Journal of globose Information Management is published on quarterly basis every year. In to each one year, a single volume is released but in each quarter the released journal is assigned a separate issue human body. The journal is both online and in print and it is accessible at a in the flesh(predicate) level and to institutions. However, to access the journal subscription is a moldiness whereby printed journal goes is sold at $ 545 and $ 195 to an institution and idiosyncratic respectively (JGIM 2010).\r\nI n all the issues of the Journal of Global Information Management emphasizes on all the concepts related to to management of worldwide information resources. The journal creates a forum in which professionals and researchers disseminate ongoing and rise information in both theoretical and practical perspective in relation to information engineering science and information resource management at global level. Therefore its main objective is put main emphasis on organizational and managerial aspects of Information Technology resources management.\r\nIt covers on a range of issues such as policies, failure, usage, success, applications, and strategies of IT in business enterprises both in developed and emerging economies (JGIM 2010). The Journal of Global Information Management has laid out procedures whereby professionals and researchers especially in the field of information placement management share their knowledge in regard to emerging challenges, make up by IT developments. Through its case studies, the journal proposes center on how to integrate information technology techniques into current managerial strategies.\r\nTherefore, it covers on the learning outcomes of this course such as role of IS managers, importance of IS/IT in driving companies to the global center-stage (JGIM 2010). In this article, it is acknowledged that information system offshore outsourcing has over the years increased drastically. In the research study, a number of steps tortuous in fashioning such decisions at the management level have been identify. It states that IT managers weighs on the benefits and challenges of offshore outsourcing, evaluates the all the logistics involved in the process, and determines the prevailing geography.\r\nThe research is ground on literature review of existing companies’ statistical reports as presented in annual releases. The article states that offshore outsourcing surpasses onshore outsourcing in terms of benefits and risks invol ved. USA, UK, France, and Germany are the major(ip) IS offshore outsourcers in countries such as India, and China. diminution in operation costs has been identified as the key motivator whereas it also stresses that quality services, security, and supplier location must be considered.\r\nThe key factors identified by Reyes, Jose and Juan (2006, p. 234) that influence offshore outsourcing are market and economic globalization, savings on operational costs in terms of salaries paid to the staff, shortage of experienced manpower, the need to reduce IS projects’ development time-cycle, and the growth or access to internet by large number of people (McNurlin, et al. 2009, pp. 7 & 33-39). This article demonstrates and emphasizes on key steps that information system managers of any organization have to take while making decisions on whether to outsource some of their services offshore.\r\nIn comparison, McNurlin, et al. 2009, p. 11) in their book acknowledges the same that CI O’s should human body policies, analyze possible benefits and risks so as to make informed decisions. In regard to the learning outcomes of ECOM20001, the article is explicit on what chief information officers are expected to do, have presented statistical evidence on how companies expand due to outsourcing and the impact of globalization on company activities in terms of risks and benefits. Considering such reportage on E-enablement and globalization I would award the article a score of five.\r\n'

'Individual Leadership and Power Paper Essay\r'

'• Review the Leader Motives in Ch. 5 of leading: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience. How would you characterize Ho Ching’s motives?\r\n• Review bring out 5.3 in Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience. What role, if any, do managerial differences ground on gender play here? formatting your paper consistent with APA guidelines\r\nWe pass on described business office as the capacity to cause change and fix as the degree of actual change in a target’s behaviors. Ho Ching’s power as a leader has been accepted by many, but would you describe Ho Ching as an powerful leader? Why?\r\nA1) Ho Ching is an influential leader because of her capability to achieve complete fudge and authority over millions of people. She has been influential in bringing changes to the disclosure policies of the telephoner.\r\nIn redact to cast progress, a leader should take bold and controversial terminations fearlessly. They have a role playing in expanding the company or the group’s role as a leader. It is clear after reading about her actions and decisions that she throwes leadership qualities that are needed in order to become a great leader. On the al-Qaida of these convictions, I declare her a leader.\r\n1. Based on the excerpt from Ho Ching’s speech, what type of tactical manoeuvre does she use to influence the behavior of some others? A2) Her leadership attack is persuasive and democrat which seems clear from one of her addresses through with(predicate) a speech. Alder taking all decisions moldiness be acceptable for the masses and must flummox logic and reason to which her subordinates fuck link to and make use of. The thing about their local natives is that they possess a democratic mindset with capitalism approach and their business ideas are based on entrepreneurship than handed-down concept of the business. This is how the popular vote concepts work for her.\r\n render more: Leadership Speech for S chool captain\r\nHer leadership role and masss deserves praise and the fact that she believes why the local firm must expand to other boundaries poses an intelligent approach. Her leadership approach enriched with accommodation and fresh with populist policy enables the company to grow and similarly it enables the employees and management to work together. 3. Ho Ching has been named one of the close powerful leaders in Asia. What are her major(ip) sources of power? A3) Her sources of power being one of the more or less successful leaders can be her populist approach to leadership. Her decisions are logical as rise up as pragmatic and they are made holding in view hanker term personal matters that can enable a higher train of capability for the firm based on better faith induced by her.\r\nIf there has to be made any changes in policy, the management and panel of directors are kept up close with confidence. subsequently complete knowledge and consent of these people she enforces the decision which as a result enables her to maintain hail-fellow-well-met relations with the board and managers. As a wordy leadership she has the ability to think in long terms. She believes that her local region on the globe can utilize its global economical strength and that she aims to pass the concept of nation states by encouraging live powers to come forward and lead the world in terms of growth. The long term thinking scheme vision of hers is capable of expanding the company and the region she lives in. On the basis of these arguments, I believe that she has the strength of a revolutionary leader who believes in having a vision for her people. With such leaders, the nations are likely to prosper and touch perception heights.\r\n'

'The Nature of International Politics\r'

'The Nature of International authorities The first principle that Thucydides addresses regarding the nature of world(prenominal) political science calls into question the conclusive goals that each individual entity in the world of worldwide relations deems most important. Thucydides adduces that a republic or state’s supreme goal is to sack big businessman and ruling all all over other nations. He illustrates this best in The Melian conference through the actions of the contend-loving Athenians.In their causal agency to maintain their stance of mogul against their rival Spartans, they travel to the island of Melos with the goal of conquering the Melians; either through nip or through the Melian surrender. The volume of Melos wish to remain neutral friends of both Sparta and Athens, just now the Athenians allow for non hear of it. In their eyes, staying on friendly call with a neutral country would be construed as a sign of failing and fear. The Melians refuse to surrender, resulting in the ultimate destruction of their fraternity while the Athenians gain further rule and power for their empire.However, I recollect that this principle need non to always chair true, especi companion in the terms of war through diplomatical countries a lot(prenominal) as the get together States of America. The unify States has always held its principles in the effort to spread democracy and goodity in the international realm. In The Fog of War, John F. Kennedy disproves Thucydides first principle. In the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the last involvement Kennedy and his Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, wanted to do was to attack Cuba or go to war with the Soviet Union to gain power or ruling in whatsoever sense.They wanted to deal with the f unspoiledening presence of the Soviet Union’s extensive nuclear warheads on Cuban soil in the most diplomatic way possible in order to distract nuclear war. turn this was best for t he self-interest of the American race, it was also for the benefit for the citizens of Cuba and the USSR, as nuclear war crushs nations. Thankfully JFK had the help of a man named Tommy Thompson on his team who personally knew the Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. Thompson urged Kennedy to go forward with negotiations with Khrushchev in order to end the Cuban Missile Crisis peacefully.Luckily, it worked. Kennedy and Khrushchev reached an agreement that the Soviet Union would lower the weapons as long as the fall in States would not invade Cuba. Through the peaceful, yet stressful, negotiations, both JFK and Khrushchev went against the international principle that countries only aim to rule and conquer, and kind of in the arms of a rational administration body most often the countries own self-interest for safety overrules the desire to prove their power over other countries.Thucydides’ second principle of international politics relates to the theme that surrounded b y a world of gilded cultures and beliefs, at that place is no international moral grave for war and relations between states. In the Melian Dialogue, Thucydides exemplifies this idea through the war practices that the Athenians practiced in regards to the Melian mass. While any(prenominal) may argue that their initial sample to discuss the impending attack while whirl the option of surrender was â€Å"humane”, the brutal force they eventually brought upon the Island of Melos knocked out(p)weighed their weak attempts in the beginning.Once the Melian people surrendered, the Athenians localise all men of military age to demise and sold the women and children as slaves. The Athenians practiced the â€Å"might makes right” way of thinking about morality: that those who hold the most power also hold the efficiency to decide what actions are appropriate where they deem fit. In this case, they were the mighty iodins. Their forceful actions toward the Melians were j ustifiable in their eyes, only when across cultures such actions could easily be deemed high-spirited and radical.Therein lies Thucydides’ argument that there is no such moral code that every nation can be held accountable to. In The Fog of War, Robert McNamara is horrified with such a truth, and wonders aloud â€Å"What is morally appropriate in a wartime environment? ” He illustrates his question by describing â€Å"Agent Orange”, a chemical substance that was approved for usage during the Vietnam War while he was playacting Secretary of Defense. â€Å"Agent Orange” is a chemical that was often used to take the leaves off of trees, and later on the war was discovered to be highly cyanogenetic and lethal.The usage of â€Å"Agent Orange” killed numerous citizens and soldiers who were exposed. He continues to ask whether those who issued the approval of â€Å"Agent Orange” criminals? at bottom the definition of the word ‘crimin al’ is the assumption that there is a crime being broken that is do illegal by a system of compose laws. But McNamara points out that there are no such kinds of laws in war to determine what is bankable and what is not and ultimately there is no such thing as an international moral code that can be upheld, especially in the measure of war.While there exists no international moral standard, does that suppose that no state can be swear? Thucydides’ third principle of international politics would put in â€Å"yes”. He believes that in the sense of self-interest, unitary state cannot rely upon alliances and only those alliances that are in bill with national honor should be upheld. This principle is unmistakable in the Melian Dialogue when the Melian people state their take to and belief in the Spartan people advance to their aid in the prospect of attack from the Athenians.They believe that if not solely for the Spartan’s will to preserve their neighboring allies (that will sure enough take note if they don’t come to aid Melos), then for the kinship of the Melian and Spartan race. Ultimately, the people of Melos are proven to suck in had too much hope in the Spartans, as no one comes to their aid. However, much like in the throes of friendship where not all can be trusted, surely some friends and allies can. The Fog of War displays a wriggle sense of camaraderie between the USSR and Cuba, a hold that was forged in the joint disparage toward the United States.Their alliance built and housed nuclear weapons on Cuban soil, weapons that had the ability to destroy most of the continental United States. Once the American Government took hold of the knockout situation and offered negotiations to the USSR in the hopes of avoiding destructive warfare, Nikita Khrushchev had a finis to make…and he had two major options. He could ignore the offer of diplomatic problem answer and strike the United States with the nu clear weapons or he could agree to the negotiations JFK brought to the table.On the one hand, attacking the United States guaranteed a responsive strike from the US that would undoubtedly destroy Cuba and kill thousands (not to mention create real problems between the USSR and the US). And on the other, he could agree to take out the weapons in return for the promise that the US would not attack Cuba. He could be known as the man who saved Cuba from an attack by the United States and could gain national respect for upholding USSR honor and morality.Despite the trouble urgings from war-mongering Fidel Castro, Khrushchev decided to agree to negotiations. While his actions may have been solely done for self-interest and preservation of the USSR’s teetering relationship with the US, he ultimately had the interest of the people of Cuba in mind even when their own chairperson did not. This act by Khrushchev, despite the reasons behind it, upheld the ideals of alliances: that one nation must be reliable and give in the ability to protect the people and rights of the ally nation.\r\n'

'Comparing & Contrasting: Cambodians & Filipinos Essay\r'

'Within the Asian republic lie umpteen cultures, beliefs, faiths and much more. For eccentric, the Kampucheans and the Filipinos. Cambodia is located in southeastern Asia, bordering the gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. The Philippines is located in southwesteastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam. Both countries break many differences and similarities.\r\nIn the Cambodian culture there be many beliefs. A lot of Cambodians believe in credulity, an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear. unitary of the study superstitions of the Cambodian culture is Spirits of our ancestors. Folk tales formulate and describe how and why a spirit cant over hurt you but they can discipline you, for example the flying head. The flying head only disciplines masses when they atomic number 18 afraid and alone in the woods. overly when two people bristle a bet on means that they would go their different wa ys and split their friendship.\r\nIn the Filipino culture there are withal many beliefs. Superstition and ghosts are also a main belief in the Philippines. One of the known folktale ghost story is called the Aswang. The dedicate-to doe with translates to â€Å"To be detached from one part of the body. This putz flies around at night sucking blood and attacking animals and people. It is said that during the horizon, the Aswang hears on the demeanor of a dog, whose front legs are longer than the prickle legs.\r\nMost of the Cambodians believe in the religion Buddhism. They would production daily walks to the temple to light incenses, bring solid food for their deceased family member or monastics. May fifteenth is a major holiday in the Cambodian culture, the day when their holy god they worship in the name of Buddha was born, the day he was enlightened, and the day he died. The way Cambodians greet a Buddha or monk is that they would put their palms together and bow for thei r paying attention. Cambodian sensitive Year is also a major Cambodian holiday. Its a celebration or more want a festival with food stands to clothing.\r\nMost of the Filipinos take their belief for their religion to the extreme. The main religion in the Philippines is Catholic, Christian or other forms of religion. People would hang up themselves on a cross just resembling Jesus did just because they believe in their religion strongly. They would usually attend church on Sundays, they would sing, and see to the pastor read from the bible.\r\nThe two countries also do have or so similarities. One example for a similarity is that both cultures sometimes eat with their hands. other example is that they both have similar superstition beliefs and folktales, just different stories. When you arrive at all a Filipino or Cambodian erect you would have to take off your shoes. Finally both cultures take respect seriously, you have to bow to your elders and vow them or they bless you .\r\nWithin the Asian region lie many cultures, beliefs, religions and much more. Cambodians are in truth superstitious and believe in mostly Buddhism. Filipinos are also very superstitious but have different folktales and most Filipinos are Christian, Catholic, or some other type of religion. Both countries also have a lot of similarities in their cultures; they both respect their elders and take respect seriously.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nSampson, Andrew. Online interview. 15 Feb. 2008.\r\n'